Cellular respiration/mitochondria

• What are mitochondria dispersed throughout in plant and animal cells?

  Cytoplasm
• What is the shape of a mitochondrion?

  Cylindrical
• What type of membrane encloses a mitochondrion?

  Double membrane
• What is the characteristic of the outer membrane of a mitochondrion?

  It is smooth
• What are the finger-like folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?

  Cristae
• Why are cristae important in mitochondria?

  They increase the inner surface area for chemical reactions
• What fills the interior of a mitochondrion?

  Matrix
• What does the matrix of a mitochondrion contain?

  Ribosomes and enzymes
• What is the role of ribosomes in the mitochondrion?

  They synthesize enzymes necessary for chemical reactions
• What type of DNA do mitochondria contain?

  Mitochondrial DNA
• How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

  It is transferred from the mother via the egg cell
• What can mitochondrial DNA be used to study?

  The genetic history of a person on the maternal side
• How can mitochondrial DNA be used in forensic science?

  To identify somebody or connect a person to a crime
• What process takes place in the mitochondria?

  Cellular respiration
• What is released during cellular respiration?

  Energy from carbohydrates
• What is the energy carrier in cells produced during cellular respiration?

  ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Write the equation for cellular respiration.

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$ATP$
• What is the role of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration?

  They act as hydrogen carriers
• What is glycolysis?

  The process of splitting glucose
• What is produced during glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate molecules
• What is the Krebs Cycle also known as?

  Citric acid cycle
• What does the Krebs Cycle break down?

  Pyruvate/acetyl CoA
• What is produced from the Krebs Cycle?

  NADH and FADH₂
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  The process that uses H-atoms from the first two phases to produce ATP
• How many ATP molecules are formed during oxidative phosphorylation?

  32-34 ATP molecules
• What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Oxygen
• What is produced as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation?

  Water
• What happens during anaerobic respiration?

  Glucose is only partially broken down
• What is the maximum amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration?

  2 ATP
• What is lactic acid fermentation?

  The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in animals
• What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of efficiency?

  Aerobic respiration is efficient (38 ATP), while anaerobic is inefficient (2 ATP)
• What is biotechnology?

  Technology that utilizes biological systems to develop products
• How is anaerobic respiration used in food production?

  It is used to make bread, beer, and yogurt
• What are ribosomes?

  Small, spherical structures in cells
• What do ribosomes consist of?

  RNA and proteins
• Where can ribosomes be found in the cell?

  In the ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoplasm
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  They are the site of protein synthesis
• What is protein synthesis?

  The process during which amino acids join to form a protein
• How many amino acids join to form a protein during protein synthesis?

  51 or more