Kingdom: Plantae

• What are the two main types of plants in the Kingdom Plantae?

  Vascular plants and non-vascular plants
• How are plants classified in the Kingdom Plantae?

  According to the presence or absence of vascular tissue, true leaves, stems, roots, spores, or seeds
• What are the four main groups or divisions in the Kingdom Plantae?

  • Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
  • Pteridophytes (ferns)
  • Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants)
  • Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• What is the dominant generation in bryophytes?

  The gametophyte generation
• What is the function of rhizoids in mosses?

  They anchor the moss plant and absorb water and mineral salts
• What type of reproduction do bryophytes primarily use?

  Sexual reproduction
• What is the role of water in the fertilization process of bryophytes?

  Water is required for sperm to move to the ovum for fertilization
• What are the key characteristics of pteridophytes (ferns)?

  • Vascular plants that produce spores
  • Sporophyte generation is dominant
  • True roots, stems, and leaves present
  • Clusters of sporangia called sori on the underside of leaves
• What is the structure that develops from a spore in ferns?

  A green heart-shaped prothallus
• What is the significance of the gametophyte generation in ferns?

  It is less prominent and has a shorter lifespan
• What are the differences between seed-bearing plants and mosses/ferns?

  • Reduced gametophyte size in seed plants
  • Gametophyte is embedded in the sporophyte
  • Gametes do not depend on water for fertilization
  • Seed plants are heterosporous
• What are the two major groups of seed-bearing plants?

  Gymnosperms and angiosperms
• What is a key characteristic of gymnosperms?

  They produce naked seeds not enclosed by an ovary wall
• What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms called?

  Male and female cones
• How do gymnosperms achieve fertilization?

  Through wind pollination
• What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

  • Angiosperms have flowers and fruits
  • They evolved later than gymnosperms
  • Considered the most advanced types in the plant kingdom
• What are the main parts of a flower?

  Stamen (male) and carpel (female)
• What happens to the ovule after fertilization in angiosperms?

  It develops into a seed
• What is the function of cotyledons in seeds?

  Cotyledons store reserve food for the developing embryo
• What are the categories of edible seeds and their examples?

  • Grains: corn, wheat, rice
  • Legumes: peas, beans, lentils
  • Nuts: almonds, cashews, walnuts
• What is the primary source of energy-rich carbohydrates in grains?

  Starch
• Why are legumes considered an important food source?

  They are high in protein and low in fat
• What is the role of the ovary in flowering plants?

  It develops into a fruit after fertilization
• What is the process of pollination?

  The transfer of ripe pollen from a male anther to a receptive female stigma
• What is the significance of the seed coat?

  It protects the embryo and endosperm
• What is the main function of fruits in angiosperms?

  To disseminate seeds
• How do seeds of monocotyledonous species differ from dicotyledonous species?

  Monocots have one small cotyledon, while dicots have large cotyledons
• What is the role of endosperm in seeds?

  It provides nutrients to the developing embryo
• What is the primary function of rhizoids in the prothallus of ferns?

  To anchor the prothallus in the soil
• What is the significance of the sporophyte generation in ferns?

  It is the dominant and most conspicuous generation
• How do gymnosperms reproduce?

  Through the production of seeds in cones
• What is the main characteristic of angiosperms?

  They produce flowers and fruits
• What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

  It receives pollen during pollination
• What is the role of the style in a flower?

  It connects the stigma to the ovary
• What is the significance of the calyptra in bryophytes?

  It covers the sporangium
• What is the role of the anther in a flower?

  It contains pollen sacs where pollen is formed
• What is the function of the ovary in flowering plants?

  It contains the ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization
• What is the significance of the pollen tube in fertilization?

  It carries the male gamete to the ovule
• What is the role of the seed coat?

  It protects the seed and embryo
• What is the primary function of fruits in angiosperms?

  To disseminate seeds