Kingdom animalia

• What are the five main kingdoms in biological classification?

  Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• What are the main characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?

  • Multicellular
  • No cell walls
  • Heterotrophs (consumers)
  • Have a nervous system
  • Ability to obtain food
• What is a gastrula?

  A hollow ball of cells formed during animal development
• What are the three germ layers in the gastrula and their functions?

  • Ectoderm: develops into skin and nervous tissue
  • Endoderm: develops into the lining of the digestive tract
  • Mesoderm: forms muscles, reproductive organs, and circulatory vessels
• What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals?

  Diploblastic animals have two germ layers, while triploblastic animals have three
• What are protostomes and deuterostomes?

  Protostomes develop a mouth from the gastrula, while deuterostomes develop an anus
• What are the body plans based on symmetry?

  • Asymmetrical: irregular shape
  • Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane into equal halves
  • Bilateral symmetry: can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves
• What are the types of body cavities in animals?

  • Acoelomates: no body cavities
  • Pseudocoelomates: fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm
  • Coelomates: body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
• What is the function of an exoskeleton?

  It protects internal organs and provides a framework for support and muscle attachment
• What is the function of an endoskeleton?

  It supports the body and protects some organs
• What are the main characteristics of invertebrates?

  • 8 main phyla
  • No backbones
  • 95% of all animals are in this group
• What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera?

  • Sponges
  • Simplest form of animal life
  • Live in water
  • Sedentary (do not move)
  • Asymmetrical
  • Filter feeders
• What are cnidocytes and which phylum are they associated with?

  Cnidocytes are stinging cells associated with Phylum Cnidaria
• What are the two body forms of Phylum Cnidaria?

  • Medusa: free-swimming, like a jellyfish
  • Polyp: sessile, like a hydra
• What are the characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

  • Flat, ribbon-like body
  • Live in water or as parasites
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Triploblastic and acoelomate
• What is cephalization?

  Cephalization is the development of a head region in an organism
• What are the characteristics of Phylum Annelida?

  • Segmented worms
  • Body divided into segments
  • Has a through gut (two openings)
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Triploblastic and coelomate
• What are the main classes within Phylum Arthropoda?

  • Arachnida: spiders, scorpions
  • Crustacea: shrimp, lobsters
  • Insecta: grasshoppers, ants
  • Myriapoda: centipedes, millipedes
• What is the main characteristic of Class Agnatha?

  They are jawless fish
• What are the characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes?

  • Cartilaginous skeleton
  • Jawed fish with paired fins
  • Two subclasses: Elasmobranchii and Holocephali
• What are the characteristics of Class Osteichthyes?

  • Marine and freshwater fish
  • Skeleton of bone
  • Swim bladder
  • Four pairs of gill slits covered by an operculum
• What are the characteristics of Class Amphibia?

  • Aquatic and terrestrial
  • Ectotherms
  • Undergo metamorphosis
  • Need water for reproduction
• What are the characteristics of Class Reptilia?

  • Ectothermic
  • Dry skin with scales
  • Internal fertilization
  • Eggs with soft leathery shells
• What are the characteristics of Class Aves?

  • Body covered in feathers
  • Forelimbs adapted to wings
  • Endothermic
  • Eggs with hard calcareous shells
• What are the characteristics of Class Mammalia?

  • Three middle ear bones
  • Body hair
  • Production of milk
  • All endotherms