Cognitive approach

• What are the three components of memory?

  Sensory register, short term memory, and long term memory
• What are the key characteristics of memory?

  • Capacity: amount of information stored
  • Duration: length of time information is held
  • Encoding: format of information stored (visual, acoustic, semantic)
• What is the encoding method for sensory memory?

  Based on senses
• What is the capacity of sensory memory?

  Unlimited
• What is the duration of sensory memory?

  Milliseconds
• What is the encoding method for short-term memory?

  Acoustic
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  7 +/- 2
• What is the capacity of long-term memory?

  Unlimited
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  Around 30 seconds
• What is the encoding method for long-term memory?

  Semantic
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Unlimited
• How does context-dependent cueing work in memory retrieval?

  It relies on external cues in the environment
• What are the two types of memory retrieval?

  1. Recognition: identifying memory based on external cues
  2. Recall: retrieving memory without additional cues
• How does state-dependent cueing work in memory retrieval?

  It depends on the internal state of the person
• What are cognitive biases?

  • Errors in thinking when interpreting information
  • Shortcuts that help process information
• What is confirmation bias?

  Favoring information that confirms one's beliefs
• What is the fundamental attribution error?

  Overemphasizing internal explanations for others' behavior
• What is hostile attribution error?

  Interpreting others' actions as hostile when not intended
• What is cognitive priming?

  • Exposure to one stimulus affects response to a related stimulus
  • Can take forms such as words or scents
• What is repetition priming?

  When exposure to a stimulus affects response to the same stimulus
• What is semantic priming?

  When exposure to a stimulus affects response to a similar meaning stimulus
• What is associative priming?

  When exposure to a stimulus affects response to an associated stimulus
• What is reconstructive memory according to Bartlett (1932)?

  • Memories are reconstructions, not reproductions
  • We store fragments of information and reconstruct them during recall
• What is the role of schemas in memory?

  • Mental frameworks that help make sense of the world
  • Provide shortcuts for identifying new information
• What is confabulation in memory?

  Adding details to a memory to fill in gaps
• What is rationalization in memory?

  Distorting parts of a memory to fit one's schema
• What is shortening in memory recall?

  Leaving out parts of memories during recall
• What are cognitive scripts?

  • Collections of schemas linked to produce expectations
  • Guide behavior and expectations based on experience
• What are person schemas?

  • Organized knowledge and expectations about individuals
  • Include characteristics and personality traits
• What is person perception?

  Making assumptions about someone's character based on appearance
• What is the cognitive approach's view on behavior?

  • Behavior is a product of information processing
  • Humans are seen as processors of information
• How can the brain be compared to a computer?

  • Input: information is encoded from the environment
  • Processing: information is blended together
  • Output: observable behavior