Module 1

• What is the definition of physical activity?

  Movement produced by muscle requiring energy
• How is exercise defined?

  Voluntary activity aimed at health and fitness
• What does 'Oranga' mean in Maori?

  Wellbeing encompassing physical, psychological, and social health
• When did exercise science begin to have a formal academic presence?

  Since the 1960s
• What are the sub-disciplines of exercise science?

  Includes physiology, biomechanics, psychology, and more
• What does WHO recommend for weekly moderate exercise?

  150 minutes
• What percentage of adults fall short of the WHO exercise guidelines?

  About 23%
• What percentage of adolescents do not meet the WHO exercise guidelines?

  About 75%
• What are some benefits of physical activity?

  Enhances heart, body, and mind health
• How does physical activity aid in managing health?

  Aids in managing noncommunicable diseases
• What mental health benefits does physical activity provide?

  Reduces depression and anxiety symptoms and improves cognitive skills
• What are the goals for the session in Lecture 3?

  • Broaden perspective on health, fitness, wellness, and physical activity in schools
  • Question traditional views and consider cultural, socio-economic, and political factors
• What historical roots link physical education and exercise?

  Physical education’s historical roots link exercise and education
• What does the term 'physical culture' encompass?

  It differentiates between physical culture, training, education, activity, and exercise
• What does WHO recommend for daily physical activity for youth?

  60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity
• What types of activities should youth incorporate according to WHO guidelines?

  Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening activities
• How does language impact perceptions of physical activity in New Zealand?

  Terms like ‘lazy’ or ‘idle’ affect perceptions of activity
• What does the refreshed curriculum in New Zealand emphasize?

  • Hauora (holistic health)
  • Cultural knowledge through Maori games and movement patterns
  • Viewing physical activity as a privilege
• What is questioned regarding fitness testing in the curriculum?

  Its suitability as a measure of health
• What critical reflections should be considered in physical education?

  • Who promotes particular fitness ideals?
  • What are the potential benefits and harms of physical education?
  • How to foster inclusive physical activity environments?
• What are the components of fitness?

  Strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, agility, and reaction time
• How is health-related fitness different from performance-related fitness?

  Health-related fitness is broader, while performance-related fitness is more specialized
• What are the principles of training?

  • Initial Values
  • Diminishing Returns
  • Individual Differences
  • Overload and Progression
  • Specificity
  • Reversibility
  • Periodization
• What does 'Initial Values' refer to in training principles?

  Greater gains are seen initially, especially for those less trained
• What does 'Diminishing Returns' mean in training?

  Fitness improvements slow as one nears their genetic limit
• Why must training account for individual differences?

  Training must consider personal factors like genetics, age, and motivation
• What is the principle of 'Overload and Progression'?

  Necessary to push limits progressively to maintain improvements
• What does 'Specificity' refer to in training?

  Gains are specific to the type of training, such as endurance and strength
• What does 'Reversibility' mean in fitness?

  Fitness levels can decline without continued training
• What is 'Periodization' in training?

  Planned variations in training, including different cycles for health and performance goals
• What complexities are involved in achieving fitness?

  • Intricate interrelated factors, especially for endurance and team sports
  • Genetics and the built environment influence physical activity behaviors
• What is the general advice for physical activity?

  “Sit less, move more”
• What is the minimum recommended weekly activity for adults?

  150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity
• How do humans compare to animals in terms of physical capabilities?

  Humans are relatively weak and slow compared to many animals
• What unique skill do humans excel in?

  Complex skills and endurance in heat due to efficient sweat-based cooling
• How have modern lifestyles affected physical activity?

  Modern lifestyles have drastically reduced physical activity
• What does exercise science address?

  Addresses vastly different contexts, from health and disease prevention to athletic performance
• What do Maori perspectives emphasize in exercise science?

  Connection to nature and cultural understanding
• What are some challenges in research advancements?

  Null findings, underreported results, and publication bias are prominent issues
• How is data analytics impacting exercise science?

  Advancements in data analytics are improving insights but raise ethical concerns