Research Methods

• What is the correlational method in psychology?

  A research method that examines the relationship between two variables
• What does a directional alternative hypothesis indicate?

  It predicts the specific direction of the relationship between variables
• What does a null hypothesis state?

  It states that there will be no effect on the dependent variable
• What is the nominal scale in research methods?

  A scale that categorizes data without a specific order
• What is peer review in research?

  A process where experts evaluate research before publication
• What are the main sections of a psychological report?

  • Title
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Appendices
• What is the impact of research on the economy?

  Research can lead to advancements that improve economic conditions
• What is the prevalence of psychopathology?

  1 in 3 individuals receive treatment for psychopathology
• What is the significance of measures of central tendency?

  They summarize data by identifying the average or typical value
• What are measures of dispersion in statistics?

  They describe the spread or variability of data points
• What is the purpose of graphs in research?

  To visually represent data for easier interpretation
• What is the role of empirical evidence in psychology?

  It supports theories and hypotheses through observation and experimentation
• What is a paradigm in scientific research?

  A generally accepted framework or model within a scientific discipline
• What is Popper's hypothetico-deductive model?

  A scientific approach that involves formulating hypotheses and testing them
• What characterizes revolutionary science?

  It occurs when evidence challenges and changes the dominant paradigm
• What is the observational method in research?

  A technique where researchers observe and record behavior in natural settings
• What is the difference between structured and unstructured observational methods?

  Structured methods follow a specific protocol, while unstructured methods are more flexible
• What are ethical guidelines in psychological research?

  They are principles that ensure the safety and well-being of participants
• What is the self-report method in research?

  A technique where participants provide information about themselves
• What is thematic analysis?

  A method for identifying and analyzing patterns within qualitative data
• What is the purpose of interviews in research?

  To gather detailed information through direct interaction with participants
• What is the difference between open and closed interviews?

  Open interviews allow for free-form responses, while closed interviews restrict answers
• What is content analysis in research?

  A method for systematically analyzing the content of communication
• What is the volunteer sampling method?

  A technique where participants self-select to be part of a study
• What is stratified sampling?

  A method that ensures the sample reflects the composition of the population
• What is internal reliability in research?

  It refers to the consistency of results across items within a test
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  It measures the degree of agreement between different observers
• What is the experimental method in psychology?

  A research approach that manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships
• What is the purpose of standardization in experiments?

  To ensure consistency in procedures and materials across all participants
• What is a hypothesis in research?

  A precise, testable statement predicting the outcome of a study
• What is a non-directional hypothesis?

  It predicts a difference without specifying the direction of the effect
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  It predicts the specific direction of the effect between variables
• What are extraneous variables?

  Variables that can affect the dependent variable if not controlled
• What is the purpose of random allocation in experiments?

  To ensure each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group
• What are demand characteristics in research?

  They are cues that influence participants' behavior based on their perceptions of the study
• What is a single-blind study?

  A study where participants are unaware of the condition they are assigned to
• What are investigator effects?

  They are influences that researchers have on the participants' behavior
• What is the double-blind method?

  A procedure where both participants and researchers are unaware of the conditions
• What is operationalization in research?

  It involves defining variables in measurable terms
• What is confounding variable?

  A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, leading to erroneous conclusions