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Cards (107)
Who founded the first psychological laboratory and where was it located?
Wundt
founded the first psychological laboratory in
Leipzig
,
Germany
.
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What was the primary focus of Wundt's research in psychology?
Wundt focused on using controlled
empirical
scientific research techniques to study the mind.
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What technique did Wundt use in his structuralism research?
Wundt used
introspection
to study conscious experiences.
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How did Wundt's methods influence later psychological research?
Wundt's methods inspired other scientific psychologists to adopt
controlled experiments
.
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Why are Wundt's methods considered subjective compared to modern psychology?
Wundt's methods are considered subjective because participants may not reliably report their
mental states
.
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What are the two main types of conditioning described by behaviorists?
Classical conditioning
and
operant conditioning
.
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What is the main argument of behaviorists regarding behavior investigation?
Behaviorists argue that only
observable
and
measurable
behavior can be investigated.
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What was the purpose of Skinner's research using the Skinner Box?
Skinner's research aimed to study
positive reinforcement
,
negative reinforcement
, and
extinction
in behavior.
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Why is Skinner's research considered scientific?
It is considered scientific because it studies objectively observable and measurable
stimulus-response
mechanisms.
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What are some practical applications of behaviorist principles?
Counter-conditioning
,
flooding
, and
systematic desensitization
(SD).
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What is a criticism of behaviorist research findings?
Findings may not be
generalizable
to human behavior as
experiments
were done on animals.
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How do social learning theorists differ from behaviorists?
Social learning theorists
argue that
cognitive processes
are essential for understanding behavior.
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What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?
Attention
,
retention
, reproduction, and
motivation
.
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What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?
Vicarious reinforcement occurs when observing someone being rewarded increases the
likelihood
of imitation.
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What was the focus of Bandura's bobo doll experiment?
Bandura's experiment focused on children's imitation of
aggressive
and non-aggressive behavior.
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What did Bandura find regarding boys and aggressive models?
Boys
were more likely to mimic an aggressive male model.
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What is a strength of Bandura's bobo doll study?
It has high
internal validity
due to the controlled
lab setting
.
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What is a criticism of social learning theory regarding its research methods?
Research supporting
SLT
relies on
inferences
rather than direct observations.
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
The
central nervous system
(CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
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What does the CNS consist of?
The CNS consists of the
brain
and
spinal cord
.
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What is the role of sensory neurons in the nervous system?
Sensory neurons take information to the
CNS
.
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What are the two divisions of the PNS?
The
autonomic nervous system
(ANS) and the
somatic nervous system
(SNS).
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
It prepares the body for
fight or flight
responses.
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What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
It returns the body to a
neutral state
and activates rest and digest functions.
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What happens during synaptic
transmission?
The action potential travels down the
axon
, releasing
neurotransmitters
into the
synaptic cleft
.
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What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are
chemical
messengers released by
neurons
.
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What are the two types of neurotransmitters?
Excitatory
(stimulative) and
inhibitory
(sedative).
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What occurs if the charge inside the postsynaptic neuron passes a threshold?
A new
action potential
forms, and the message is passed on.
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What is the role of schemas in cognitive psychology?
Schemas are
mental
frameworks
that help individuals
understand
and
navigate
the world.
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How do schemas affect memory?
Inaccurate schemas can lead to
distorted
memories and
negatively
biased perceptions.
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What is a theoretical model in cognitive psychology?
A theoretical model is a flow chart representation of the steps of a
mental process
.
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What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?
The
computer
model compares the
operation
of a
computer
to the human
brain's
processing
of
information.
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What is cognitive neuroscience?
Cognitive neuroscience aims to identify and examine
neurological
structures linked to
mental processes
.
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What has led to the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?
The development of scanning techniques like
PET
and
fMRI
scanners.
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Why is the cognitive approach considered scientific?
It uses highly controlled
experiments
to study mental processes.
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How has understanding schemas led to practical applications in therapy?
It has led to the development of
cognitive behavioral therapy
(
CBT
) to change negative thought patterns.
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What do cognitive psychologists believe about determinism?
Cognitive psychologists are
soft determinists
, suggesting experience shapes
schemas
while allowing for conscious control.
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What is a criticism of the computer model of the mind?
It is criticized for being
machine reductionist
and not considering the complexity of
human emotions
.
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What is the role of the endocrine system in behavior?
The endocrine system releases
hormones
that influence behavior.
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How does the adrenal gland influence behavior?
The adrenal gland releases
adrenaline
, increasing alertness during the
fight or flight response
.
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