Behaviourism & Classical Conditioning

• What is the main driver of our actions according to Freud's work?

  Unconscious
• What are the three components of Freud's personality structure?

  Id, ego, and superego
• Why are early childhood experiences important in Freud's theory?

  They shape our personality and behavior
• What are some techniques Freud used to tap into the pre-conscious?

  Thematic apperception test, hypnosis, dream analysis
• What is a major criticism of Freud's work?

  It cannot be directly observed
• Why is Freud's work considered largely untestable?

  It cannot be scientifically examined and replicated
• What did behaviorism emphasize in psychology?

  Focus on observable behavior
• Who is associated with the emergence of behaviorism?

  John B. Watson
• What does behaviorism primarily study?

  Behaviors and their environmental determinants
• What is the basic idea of behaviorism regarding behavior?

  Behavior is shaped by our environment
• What is the relationship between stimulus and response in behaviorism?

  Certain stimuli elicit certain responses
• Who conducted the classical conditioning experiment with dogs?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What did Pavlov's dogs learn to associate with food?

  The sound of a bell
• What is contiguity in classical conditioning?

  Strongest when the conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs immediately before the unconditioned stimulus (US)
• What does generalization mean in classical conditioning?

  Fears can generalize to a range of stimuli
• What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

  Fears can be very specific depending on experience
• What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

  Conditioned response (CR) weakens if the conditioned stimulus (CS) appears repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (US)
• Why do drug users often overdose in new environments?

  They do not have the conditioned response to counteract the drug
• How can evaluative conditioning change attitudes?

  By pairing a neutral object with a positive image
• What was the main finding of Staat and Staat's (1958) study?

  Participants rated words more positively when paired with positive spoken words
• What did Baccus, Baldwin & Packer (2004) find regarding self-esteem?

  Pairing self-related words with happy faces led to more positive self-ratings
• What are the implications of classical conditioning for self-esteem?

  It may be possible to change self-esteem through classical conditioning
• What did Antoniewicz & Brand (2016) study in relation to exercise?

  They found that pairing sporting scenes with happy faces improved attitudes towards exercise
• What was the focus of Hall, Lund & Jackson's (1968) study?

  Improving classroom behavior through reinforcement
• What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?

  Responses followed by satisfaction are more likely to recur
• What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

  Primary reinforcers satisfy natural needs, while secondary reinforcers are learned
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Giving something valued to increase behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing something aversive to increase behavior
• What is positive punishment?

  Giving something aversive to decrease behavior
• What is negative punishment?

  Removing something valued to decrease behavior
• How can behavior be shaped?

  By rewarding behaviors that get progressively closer to the desired behavior
• What did Grice (1948) find about delays in reinforcement?

  Delays in reinforcement reduce or eliminate operant conditioning
• What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

  Rewarded after every X correct responses
• What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

  Rewarded after an average length of time
• What is the consequence of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

  More consistent responding and resistance to extinction
• What is the consequence of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

  There is a lull after reinforcement with a peak just before the next reinforcement