reactions

• alkane - halogenoalkane 


  • halogen
  • UV light
  • free radical substitution
• alkene - alkane


  • hydrogenation
  • H2
  • Nickel catalyst
  • electrophilic addition
• alkene - halogenoalkane 


  • HBr/HCL
  • electrophilic addition
• halogenoalkane - alcohol


  • heated under reflux
  • NaOH
  • nucleophilic substitution
• alcohol - halogenoalkane 


  • NaBr
  • H2SO4
  • nucleophilic substitution
• alkene - alcohol 


  • hydration
  • steam
  • H3PO4
• alcohol - alkene 


  • dehydration
  • H2SO4
• halogenoalkane - amine 


  • NH3
  • ethanol
• halogenoalkane - nitrile


  • CN
  • ethanol
• alcohol - carboxylic acid 


  • reflux
  • acidified potassium dichromate
  • oxidation
• alcohol - ketone 


  • heat
  • acidified potassium dichromate
  • oxidation
• ketone - alcohol


  • NaBH4
  • reduction
• alcohol - aldehyde


  • acidified potassium dichromate
  • distillation
  • oxidation
• ketone - hydroxynitrile 


  • NaCN
  • nucleophilic addition
• aldehyde - hydroxynitrile


  • NaCN
  • nucleophilic addition
• alcohol - ester

  • carboxylic acid
  • H2SO4 or acid anhydride
  • esterification
• nitrile - carboxylic acid 


  • water
  • HCL
  • heat
  • acid hydrolysis
• phenyl ring 


  electrophilic substitution

  CH3 substitutes H on phenyl
• acyl chloride -> carboxylic acid

  • H2O
• carboxylic acid -> acyl chloride

  • SOCl2
• carboxylic acid -> ester

  • alcohol
  • H2SO4
• nitrile -> amine


  • H2
  • nickel catalyst
• benzene -> nitrobenzene


  • conc HNO3
  • conc H2SO4
• phenol -> ester


  • acyl chloride
• nitrobenzene -> phenyl amine

  • tin and conc HCL
• nitrobenzene


  • electrophilic substitution at 3/5 positions
• phenylamine


  • electropilic substitution at 2/4/6 positions