Cell division

• What is the structure that contains the genetic material in a cell?

  The nucleus
• What are chromosomes made up of?

  DNA
• How many chromosomes are typically found in each human cell?

  46
• Where are chromosomes located within the cell?

  In the nucleus
• What is a gene?

  A gene is a section of chromosomes that codes for traits and is made up of amino acids forming proteins
• Why do humans have pairs of chromosomes?

  Because one chromosome is inherited from each parent
• How do the chromosomes of females differ from those of males?

  Females have XX chromosomes, while males have XY chromosomes
• What type of cells are animal and plant cells classified as?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What do prokaryotic cells lack that eukaryotic cells have?

  A nucleus
• What is the average size range of bacteria?

  0.2-2 µm
• What surrounds bacteria?

  A cell membrane and a cell wall
• What are the key points of the cell cycle?

  • Chromosomes are found in pairs in body cells
  • Body cells divide through the cell cycle
  • Genetic material is copied and divides in mitosis
  • Cells grow and replicate before division
  • Mitosis results in two identical nuclei
  • Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells
• What is the purpose of mitotic cell division?

  To enable growth and repair of multicellular organisms
• What happens during the cell cycle before a cell divides?

  The cell grows and replicates its DNA
• What is the process called when the cell's genetic material divides?

  Mitosis
• What occurs during cytokinesis?

  The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells
• What are the three reasons why cells divide by mitosis?

  Growth, repair of tissues, and asexual reproduction
• What are the stages of the cell cycle?

  1. Growth: Cell grows and organelles replicate
  2. DNA replication: DNA doubles
  3. Mitosis: Chromosomes line up and divide
  4. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides
• What is the role of genes in chromosomes?

  Genes control characteristics and provide instructions for making new proteins
• What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

  One set of each chromosome is pulled to each end of the cell
• What is the significance of mitotic cell division in multicellular organisms?

  It is important for growth and development
• What are cells referred to as?

  Building blocks of life
• What are the smallest living units in biology?

  Cells
• What do we call similar cells working together?

  Tissues
• Give an example of a tissue.

  Muscle tissue
• What are organs made up of?

  Groups of tissues
• What is an example of an organ?

  Stomach
• What is an organism made up of?

  Organ systems working together
• What do organ systems consist of?

  Multiple organs
• What are the functions of different plant parts?

  • Flower: Reproduction
  • Leaf: Photosynthesis
  • Stem: Support and transport
  • Root: Anchors and absorbs water/minerals
• What is the role of the upper epidermis in plants?

  Covers the plant and allows light passage
• What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

  Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
• What is the purpose of spongy mesophyll in leaves?

  Facilitates gas diffusion
• What does xylem transport?

  Water into the leaf
• What type of cells make up phloem?

  Living cells
• What do guard cells control?

  Size of stomata openings
• What is the function of the lower epidermis?

  Contains stomata for gas exchange
• What is growth and differentiation in cells?

  • Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type
  • Specialized cells divide by mitosis to produce the same type
  • Blood cells are replaced by stem cells in bone marrow
  • Plant cells can differentiate throughout their lives
  • New differentiated cells form by mitosis in meristems
  • Specialized plants can redifferentiate into other cell types
• What are adult stem cells derived from?

  Bone marrow
• What is cloning?

  Producing identical offspring