Physics Paper 1

• What is the collection of matter called in the context of energy systems?

  A system
• What happens to energy when a system changes?


  Energy is transferred either between objects or between different forms
• What is an open system?

  A system where matter can transfer energy to the outside world
• What can happen to energy in an open system?

  An open system can either lose or gain energy
• What is a closed system?

  A system where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave
• What is the change in energy for a closed system?

  Overall change is always zero
• What is the principle regarding energy in terms of creation and destruction?

  Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred
• What are the different types of energy stores?

  • Thermal (heat energy)
  • Kinetic (movement or motion)
  • Gravitational potential (position in a gravitational field)
  • Elastic (energy held in an already stretched spring)
  • Chemical (held in chemical bonds)
  • Nuclear (from breaking atoms apart)
  • Electrostatic
  • Magnetic
• How can energy be transferred?

  Energy can be transferred mechanically, heating, electrically, light, radiation, or sound
• What type of energy is associated with heat?

  Thermal energy
• What type of energy is associated with movement?

  Kinetic energy
• What type of energy is related to position in a gravitational field?

  Gravitational potential energy
• What type of energy is stored in a stretched spring?

  Elastic energy
• What type of energy is held in chemical bonds?

  Chemical energy
• What type of energy comes from breaking atoms apart?

  Nuclear energy
• What type of energy is associated with charged particles?

  Electrostatic energy
• What type of energy is related to magnetic fields?

  Magnetic energy
• What is the definition of work done in mechanical systems?

  Force to move an object
• How does chemical energy convert in a mechanical system?

  It converts from chemical energy store in the leg to kinetic energy store in the ball
• What triggers electrical work done?

  When current flows
• What is the energy required for in electrical systems?

  To overcome the resistance in the wires
• What is kinetic energy?

  The energy that an object possesses due to its motion
• How does speed affect kinetic energy?

  The faster the object is, the more kinetic energy it has
• How does mass affect kinetic energy?

  The more mass an object has, the more kinetic energy it possesses
• What is the equation for kinetic energy?

  Ek = $\frac{1}{2} M V^2$
• If an object has a mass of 4 kg and is moving at a speed of 3 m/s, what is its kinetic energy?

  Ek = $\frac{1}{2} \times 4 \text{ kg} \times (3 \text{ m/s})^2 =$$18 \text{ J}$
• How do the factors of speed and mass interact to determine kinetic energy?

  Kinetic energy increases with both higher speed and greater mass
• What are the key factors affecting kinetic energy?

  • Speed: Faster speed increases kinetic energy
  • Mass: Greater mass increases kinetic energy
  • Equation: $Ek =$$\frac{1}{2} M V^2$
• What is density a measure of?

  Density is a measure of how much mass a substance has per unit of its volume.
• What is the formula for calculating density?

  Density = mass (kg) / volume (m³)
• What is the equivalent of 1 g/cm³ in kg/m³?

  1 g/cm³ = 1,000 kg/m³
• How do you find the density of a solid?

  1. Measure the mass using a balance.
  2. Calculate the volume:

  • For regular shapes: length x width x height.
  • For irregular shapes: use a Eureka can to measure water displacement.
• What is the first step to find the mass of a solid?

  Place the solid on a balance and measure the mass.
• How do you calculate the volume of a regular-shaped solid?

  Volume is calculated by multiplying length, width, and height.
• How do you find the volume of an irregular-shaped solid?

  Use a Eureka can filled with water to measure the water displacement.
• What is the first step to find the density of a liquid?

  Empty the measuring cylinder onto a balance and zero it.
• If you pour 10 mL of liquid, what is its equivalent volume in cm³?

  10 mL is equivalent to 10 cm³.
• Why is it important to take multiple measurements of mass when finding density?

  Taking multiple measurements minimizes mistakes and increases accuracy.
• What should you do with the measurements of mass to find density accurately?

  Create a mean of the multiple measurements of mass.
• What does potential difference (p.d.) measure?

  It measures how much energy is transferred by each coulomb of charge.