Respiration

• What is the process called when no oxygen is present after glycolysis in animals?

  Fermentation
• What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

  It follows a fermentation pathway
• Where does fermentation occur in animal cells?

  In the cytoplasm
• What happens to lactate when oxygen becomes available?

  It is converted back into pyruvate
• What is produced during fermentation in plants?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• How does the ATP production in fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?

  Much less ATP is produced
• Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

  In the matrix of the mitochondria
• What is the role of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

  It creates a large surface area for the electron transport chain
• What is pyruvate converted into before entering the citric acid cycle?

  Acetyl CoA
• What does acetyl CoA bind to in the citric acid cycle?

  Oxaloacetate
• What is formed when citrate is converted back into oxaloacetate?

  NADH is formed
• What is the function of the electron transport chain?

  To create ATP
• What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?

  They are passed from protein carrier to protein carrier
• What is the role of hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain?

  They are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane
• How is ATP synthesized in the electron transport chain?

  Through the return flow of hydrogen ions via ATP Synthase
• What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

  Oxygen
• What is produced when oxygen combines with hydrogen ions and electrons in the electron transport chain?

  Water
• What is released when glucose is broken down?

  Energy
• How is ATP formed from ADP?

  By joining ADP to inorganic phosphate (Pi)
• What are the three stages of respiration?

  Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
• What is the role of dehydrogenase in cellular respiration?

  It controls the removal of hydrogen ions and electrons from glucose
• What is formed when hydrogen ions and electrons are picked up by coenzyme NAD?

  NADH
• How many ATP are invested during glycolysis?

  Two ATP
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  Two ATP
• What is a coenzyme?

  A substance that must be present for an enzyme to work
• What are the main processes involved in cellular respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
• What are the key differences between fermentation in animals and plants?

  • Animals produce lactate
  • Plants produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Both produce less ATP than aerobic respiration