basics

• Hydrogen Bonds

  • they are intermolecular forces between molecules
  • individually weak, collectively strong
  • when a slightly negative and slightly positive meet a weak electrostatic force is formed between them
• all water molecules are polar

  • when the electrons within a molecule are not evenly distributed it is a polar molecule
• The hydrogen bond isn’t within the molecule so it occurs outside the molecule
• Disulphide Bonds

  • S-S bonds
  • Disulphide bridges
  • covalent links between two sulphur atoms
  • they are very strong and stabilise proteins
• covalent bonds are non metal and non metal

  which share a pair of electrons

  the strong bonds form a molecule
• ionic bonds are metal and non metal

  • transfer of electrons
  • two oppositely charged electrons bond
  • they have an electrostatic force
  • weaker than covalent bonds
• protease breaks down proteins into amino acids using hydrolysis
• OH groups are HYDROXYL groups
• LYSIS- cell bursting
• CRENATION - cell shirvling up
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution (high concentration of water) to a more concentrated solution (low concentration of water) across a partially permeable membrane