biology- energy transfers

• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts
• What is the purpose of photosynthesis?


  It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose
• What is the function of chlorophyll?


  Absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy
• Where is chlorophyll located?

  Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts
• Which colors of light does chlorophyll mainly absorb?


  Red and blue light
• Where do light-dependent reactions occur in photosynthesis?


  Thylakoid membranes
• What are the inputs for the light-dependent reactions?


  Light and water
• What are the outputs of the light-dependent reactions?


  Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
• What key process occurs during the light-dependent reactions?


  Splitting of water molecules (photolysis) releases oxygen
• Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place?


  Stroma of the chloroplasts
• What are the inputs for the Calvin Cycle?


  ATP, NADPH, and CO₂
• What are the outputs of the Calvin Cycle?

  Glucose and other organic molecules
• What key process is involved in the Calvin Cycle?

  Carbon fixation using RuBisCO enzyme
• Where does respiration occur in eukaryotes?


  Mitochondria
• What is the purpose of respiration?


  Breaks down glucose to release ATP (energy)
• Where does glycolysis occur?


  Cytoplasm
• What are the inputs for glycolysis?


  Glucose
• What are the outputs of glycolysis?


  Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
• What is a key process of glycolysis?


  Anaerobic, occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Where does the link reaction occur?


  Mitochondria
• What are the inputs for the link reaction?


  Pyruvate, CoA, and NAD⁺
• What are the outputs of the link reaction?


  Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO₂
• What key process occurs during the link reaction?


  Decarboxylation (removal of CO₂) and oxidation
• Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?


  Mitochondrial matrix
• What are the inputs for the Krebs Cycle?


  Acetyl-CoA
• What are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?


  ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂
• What key process occurs in the Krebs Cycle?


  Oxidative phosphorylation, high-energy molecules produced
• Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) occur?


  Inner mitochondrial membrane
• What are the inputs for the electron transport chain?


  NADH, FADH₂, and O₂
• What are the outputs of the electron transport chain?


  ATP and H₂O
• What key process occurs in the electron transport chain?


  Protons pass through ATP synthase to produce ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
• What type of respiration occurs in animals when oxygen is limited?


  Lactic acid fermentation
• What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

  Glucose → Lactic acid + ATP
• What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

  Ethanol fermentation
• What is the equation for ethanol fermentation?

  Glucose → Ethanol + CO₂ + ATP
• What is the purpose of anaerobic respiration?


  Occurs when oxygen is limited
• Who are the primary producers in ecosystems?

  Plants and algae
• What do primary producers do in ecosystems?

  Convert sunlight into chemical energy
• Who are the primary consumers in ecosystems?

  Herbivores
• Who are the secondary consumers in ecosystems?


  Carnivores