Kingdoms of life

• The kingdoms of life:

  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • protists
  • bacteria
• Eukaryotes:


  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Protists
  • Fungi

  Their DNA is in the form of chromosomes and is found in the nucleus.

  
• Prokaryotic:


  Bacteria

  • Don’t have a nucleus
  • Dna is loose in cell
  • Smaller than eukaryotes

  
• Animals:

  • Multicellular 
  • Each individual organism is made up of loads of cells rather then just one.
  • Heterotrophs
  • Most reproduce sexually

  
• Heterotrophs


  organisms that get their energy from other organisms like from plants or other animals.
• Plants:

  • Multicellular - made up of lots of different cells.
  • Autotrophs

  
• Autotrophs


  When organisms get their energy from the sun, using photosynthesis.
• Fungi:


  • multicellular fungi like:
  • mushrooms
  • mould that can spoil food
  • Unicellular (single celled) fungi like yeast is used for baking bread, so each cell is its own organism.

  
• Fungi:


  • Fungi cant photosynthesize.
  • They get their energy from other organisms like animals do, so they count as heterotrophs.
  • But we refer to fungi as saprotrophs, as most fungi feed using saprotrophic nutrition.

  
• Saprotrophic nutrition 


  • A special type of heterotrophic nutrition that fungi use to feed.
  • First, they secrete digestive enzymes outside of their body, onto the food.
  • These break down and digest the food.
  • They then absorb the small nutrients into their cells

  
• Some multicellular fungi (for example mushrooms) have a body known as a mycelium.

  • made up of loads of tiny thread like structures called hyphae.

  
• SOME fungi can be considered pathogens, meaning they can cause disease in humans.

  • Like a fungus that causes athlete’s foot

  
• Protists:


  • The large majority of protists are unicellular.
  • a lot of variety between species.
  • Most protists have nothing to do with humans.

  
• Protists:


  • Only SOME protists can photosynthesise.

  Species like chlorella & euglena, are a bit like plant cells.

  • They have chloroplasts to photosynthesize.

  While other species like amoeba, has to consume other organisms to get energy.

  
• A few fungi count as pathogens and can cause disease.


  like the species plasmodium, that causes malaria.

  
• Pathogens:


  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • fungi
• Bacteria:


  • The majority of bacteria don't have anything to do with humans (i.e. they don't help us, or cause us any problems).
  • Live just about everywhere.
  • Humans have bacteria in their intestines which help them break down food.

  
• Bacteria:


  Some species can photosynthesize.

  • no bacteria have chloroplasts.
  • most bacteria feed off other organisms.

  
• A few bacteria can cause disease like salmonella, which can cause food poisoning.

  
• Viruses:


  Super tiny particles, as they don't count as cells or as living organisms.

  • So they don’t get classed as eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
  • They’re smaller than prokaryotic cells.

  
• Viruses:

  Their basic structure it a protein coat around the outside.

  • surrounding some genetic material on the inside, which could be:
  • DNA
  • RNA

  
• Viruses:


  Considered parasites as They can only reproduce inside living cells.

  • They have to infect other organisms and use their cells to replicate.

  
• Parasites


  An organism that depends on another organism to grow & reproduce.
•  All viruses can be thought of as pathogens:


  • Influenza virus
  • Tobacco mosaic virus 
  • HIV
  • Covid-19