biological molecules

• alpha glucose


  Alpha glucose has both OH groups on the opposite side to the oxygen.
• beta glucose


  Beta glucose has one OH group on the same side as the oxygen, and one OH group on the opposite side to the oxygen.
• fructose


  Fructose has four carbons and one oxygen in its main ring: it is represented with a 5-sided shape, not a 6-sided shape.
• galactose


  Galactose has both OH groups on the same side as oxygen
• monosaccharides


  alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose, fructose
• Which pair of monosaccharides combines to form the disaccharide maltose?


  glucose + glucose
• condensation reaction

  a molecule of water is eliminated to form a glycosidic bond between molecules
• disaccharides


  lactose , maltose , sucrose
• which pair of monosaccharides combine to form disaccharide sucrose?


  glucose + fructose
• which pair of monosaccharides combine to form disaccharide lactose?


  glucose + galactose
• hydrolysis reaction


  A hydrolysis reaction is a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and uses a water molecule.

  hydrolysis reaction loosens the chemical bond within one molecule, to form two molecules
• If there are alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds the resulting polysaccharide will be a combination of which chain shapes?


  coiled and branched chains
• what is the result of beta glucose and beta 1-4 bonds?


  a polysaccharide consisting of beta glucose molecules joined with beta 1- 4 bonds produces long and straight chains
• Branched chains are formed from alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose has many weak hydrogen bonds between the unbranched and straight chains of beta-glucose.
• Explain how the structure of cellulose means that it provides rigidity and strength to cell walls.


  Cellulose is made up of many long, straight, unbranched chains of beta glucose.

  The chains are joined with many weak hydrogen bonds.

  These grouped chains form micro- and macro-fibrils.
• respiration


  respiration is the process by which our cells transfer energy to use in cell growth cell division and other bodily processes
• In respiration, the two commonly required substances are glucose and oxygen.These two substances are used to transfer energy.The ‘waste’ products of respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
• What is a carbohydrate?


  A molecule formed of one or more monosaccharides.
• What is a disaccharide?


  a molecule formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
• What is starch?


  a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of an alpha glucose
• What is glycogen?


  A polysaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose containing 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• What is cellulose?


  A polysaccharide formed by condensation of beta glucose containing 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• what is a glycoprotein ?


  a protein attached to a carbohydrate chain on the cell surface membrane
• what is a glycosidic bond?


  A covalent bond between two monosaccharide molecules, resulting from a condensation reaction.
• what is the structure of ATP?


  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consists of a nitrogenous base called adenine, a pentose sugar called ribose , and three inorganic phosphate groups.
• what is a phosphodiester bond?


  a covalent bond between two nucleotides resulting from a condensation reaction
• What are the two functions of a glycoprotein?


  Acts as a recognition site for hormones, neurotransmitters and other cells

  Helps cells attach together to form tissues.
• What is glycogen?


  A polysaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose, containing 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds
• Starch and glycogen are branched. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

  It means there are more ends for fast breakdown (hydrolysis)
• Starch and glycogen are large molecules. Why does this make them good storage molecules?


  It means they can’t cross the cell-surface membrane.
• What is a triglyceride?


  a molecule formed by condensation , with ester bonds joining 3 fatty acids to one molecule of glycerol
• What is a phospholipid?

  a molecule formed by condensation with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to one molecule of glycerol
• What is a saturated fatty acid?


  a fatty acid with 0 double bonds between carbon atoms
• What is an unsaturated fatty acid?


  a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
• What is an amino acid?


  The monomer from which proteins are made.Made up of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R group.
• what is a dipeptide?

  a molecule formed by the condensation of two amino acids
• What is a conjugated protein?


  A protein that contains non-protein prosthetic groups, attached by covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds.
• What is a protein’s “primary structure”?


  The sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptide(s) of a protein.
• What is a protein’s “secondary structure”?


  the particular folding of a chain of amino acids in the polypeptides of a protein