states of matter

• What does the kinetic particle theory of matter describe?

  The arrangement, movement, and energy of particles in a substance
• How is the kinetic particle theory used in relation to states of matter?

  It explains the physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases
• What are the three states of matter compared in the study material?

  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
• What types of particles can be represented in the diagrams of states of matter?

  Atoms, molecules, or ions
• Why does a single particle not exhibit the properties of the material it is part of?

  Because properties arise from a large number of particles together
• What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases?

  • Solids: Fixed shape, cannot flow, cannot be compressed
  • Liquids: Flow, take shape of container, cannot be compressed
  • Gases: Flow, fill container, can be compressed
• What happens to the particles in solids that prevents them from flowing?

  Particles cannot move from place to place
• Why can gases be compressed while solids and liquids cannot?

  Because gas particles are far apart and have space to move into
• What is sublimation?

  • Direct change from solid to gas
  • Example: Solid carbon dioxide ('dry ice') can sublime
• What must happen for changes of state like melting and boiling to occur?

  Energy must be transferred to the substance by heating
• What happens to particles during melting?

  They gain energy to break some of the bonds between them
• How does evaporation differ from boiling?

  Evaporation occurs from the surface of a liquid, while boiling forms bubbles throughout the liquid
• What determines the amount of energy needed to change state?

  The strength of the forces between the particles of a substance
• What is the melting point of sodium chloride?

  801°C
• What is the boiling point of water?

  100°C
• What happens during condensing and freezing in terms of energy transfer?

  Energy is transferred from the substance to the surroundings
• How can the state of a substance be predicted based on temperature?

  • Given temperature < melting point: Solid
  • Given temperature between melting and boiling points: Liquid
  • Given temperature > boiling point: Gas
• What is the predicted state of oxygen at -200°C, given its melting point is -218°C and boiling point is -183°C?

  Liquid
• What are the limitations of the particle model?

  • Assumes particles are solid spheres
  • Does not account for empty space in atoms
  • Many particles are not spherical