conflict & tension

• What is the time period covered in the section "Conflict and Tension: The First World War"?

  1894-1918
• What are the main topics covered in the section about World War I?

  • Origins of World War I
  • Progression of the war
  • Key battles
  • Resolution of the war
• What are the long-term causes of World War I?

  1. Militarism
  2. Alliances
  3. Imperialism
  4. Nationalism
• What was a significant example of militarism leading to World War I?

  Germany’s naval expansion threatened British dominance.
• What were the two main alliances in World War I?

  • Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
  • Triple Entente (1907): Britain, France, Russia
• What was a key example of imperialism that contributed to World War I?

  The Morocco Crisis (1905, 1911) where Germany challenged France’s control over Morocco.
• Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and when?

  Gavrilo Princip on 28 June 1914.
• How did nationalism contribute to the tensions leading to World War I?

  National pride and ethnic tensions escalated conflicts.
• What was the July Crisis of 1914?

  • A chain reaction of mobilization and ultimatums
  • Involved Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Russia, Germany, and other powers
  • Led to the outbreak of World War I
• What were the key battles and campaigns during World War I?

  1. Battle of the Marne (September 1914)
  2. Battle of Verdun (1916)
  3. Battle of the Somme (1916)
• What characterized trench warfare during World War I?

  Conditions included mud, disease, trench foot, and rats.
• What technological developments changed how World War I was fought?

  Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes.
• What incident in 1915 increased tensions between Germany and the U.S.?

  The Lusitania Incident.
• What were the naval strategies used during World War I?

  • Britain’s blockade starved Germany of resources
  • Germany used U-boats to target Allied shipping
• How did early planes contribute to the war effort?

  They were initially used for reconnaissance and later equipped with machine guns.
• What event led to America's entry into World War I in 1917?

  Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.
• What were the consequences of the Russian Revolution in 1917?

  • Led to Russia’s withdrawal from the war
  • Resulted in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
  • Allowed Germany to focus on the Western Front
• What was the outcome of the Armistice on 11 November 1918?

  Fighting ceased, and the Central Powers surrendered.
• Who were the Big Three at the Peace Conference after WWI?

  Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George.
• What were the main topics covered in the section "Conflict and Tension: The Inter-War Years"?

  • Peace settlements after WWI
  • Rise of fascist regimes
  • Lead-up to WWII
• What were Woodrow Wilson's main proposals at the Peace Conference?

  • "Fourteen Points"
  • Focused on self-determination
  • Proposed a League of Nations
• What were the territorial losses imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?

  Germany lost territories and colonies.
• What was the War Guilt Clause in the Treaty of Versailles?

  Germany accepted responsibility for the war, humiliating the German people.
• What military restrictions were placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?

  German army limited to 100,000; no air force, limited navy.
• What were the impacts of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?

  • Economic hardships due to reparations
  • Loss of territories
  • Rise of resentment and political instability
• What were the aims of the League of Nations?

  • Prevent wars through collective security
  • Encourage disarmament
  • Resolve international disputes peacefully
  • Improve global welfare
• What were the reasons for the League of Nations' weakness?

  • Lacked an army to enforce decisions
  • Key powers (U.S., USSR, Germany) were not always members
• What was a failure of the League of Nations during the Manchurian Crisis?

  The League was powerless to stop Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
• What was a success of the League of Nations?

  The Aaland Islands Dispute (1921) was resolved peacefully.
• What were the key events leading to the rise of dictatorships before World War II?

  1. Adolf Hitler in Germany: Overturned Treaty of Versailles
  2. Benito Mussolini in Italy: Pursued imperial expansion
  3. Japan: Expansionist policies in East Asia and the Pacific
• What was the appeasement policy adopted by Britain and France?

  They allowed Germany to expand, hoping to avoid another war.
• What was the significance of the Munich Agreement in 1938?

  It gave Germany the Sudetenland in exchange for “peace in our time.”
• What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939?

  A non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR.
• What event triggered the outbreak of World War II?

  The invasion of Poland by Germany in September 1939.
• What were the key events of World War II?

  1. Blitzkrieg Strategy
  2. Major Battles: Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa, D-Day
  3. Home Front: Rationing, propaganda, industrial mobilization
  4. The Holocaust
  5. Fall of Berlin and Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• What was the Blitzkrieg strategy used by Germany?

  Swift, coordinated attacks combining infantry, tanks, and air support.
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain in 1940?

  Germany’s failed air campaign to control British skies.
• What was Operation Barbarossa?

  German invasion of the Soviet Union that ultimately failed.
• What was the significance of D-Day in 1944?

  It was the Allied invasion of Normandy, opening a second front.
• What were the key aspects of total war during World War II?

  • Rationing
  • Propaganda
  • Industrial mobilization