Trends and Various Strategies Used By Organisms

    Cards (82)

    • What are the four major steps of food processing?
      Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
    • What is ingestion?
      Ingestion is the act of eating
    • What are the two types of digestion?
      Mechanical and chemical digestion
    • What is mechanical digestion?
      Mechanical digestion is the physical process of breaking down food into smaller particles
    • What is chemical digestion?
      Chemical digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller particles that cells can use
    • Why is chemical digestion necessary?
      Because large food molecules cannot be absorbed by cells and may not be compatible with the body's needs
    • What occurs during absorption?
      Food molecules are absorbed by cells in the body
    • What is the final step in food processing?
      Elimination
    • What are food vacuoles?
      Food vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within a cell that contain food matter to be digested
    • How does phagocytosis relate to food vacuoles?
      Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in solid food, forming a food vacuole
    • What is intracellular digestion?
      Intracellular digestion is the breaking down of food inside food vacuoles
    • Which organisms utilize intracellular digestion?
      Paramecia and sponges
    • What is extracellular digestion?
      Extracellular digestion is the process of breaking down food in compartments continuous with the outside of the animal's body
    • What is a gastrovascular cavity?
      A gastrovascular cavity is a digestive compartment with one opening for food entry and waste exit
    • Why is the gastrovascular cavity called incomplete?
      Because it has only one opening for both food entry and waste exit
    • How does Hydra capture its prey?
      Hydra uses its tentacles to capture its prey
    • What happens to prey once captured by Hydra?
      The prey enters the gastrovascular cavity where digestive enzymes break it down
    • What is the alimentary canal?
      The alimentary canal is a complete digestive system with two openings: the mouth and the anus
    • How does the alimentary canal improve digestion?
      It allows for compartmentalization of digestion, enabling efficient processing from ingestion to elimination
    • What do earthworms consume for nutrition?
      Earthworms obtain nutrition from decaying roots, leaves, and animal manures
    • What is the role of the muscular pharynx in earthworms?
      The muscular pharynx swallows food after it enters the mouth
    • What is the function of the gizzard in earthworms?
      The gizzard mechanically digests food using small stones
    • What is the typhlosole in earthworms?
      The typhlosole is an internal fold of the intestines that increases surface area for digestion
    • What is the alimentary canal of grasshoppers divided into?
      The foregut, midgut, and hindgut
    • What are the mouthparts of grasshoppers used for?
      The mandibles are used for chewing, and the maxillae are used for manipulating and swallowing food
    • What is the function of the gastric caeca in grasshoppers?
      The gastric caeca increase the surface area of the midgut for digestion and nutrient extraction
    • What occurs in the stomach of grasshoppers?
      Most digestion occurs in the stomach, which has a storage function and a gizzard for grinding food
    • What is the cloaca in birds?
      The cloaca is a shared opening for wastes from the digestive and excretory systems
    • What adaptations do ruminants have for digesting cellulose?
      Ruminants have a unique four-chambered stomach to better digest fibrous plant material
    • What is cud in ruminants?
      Cud is the under-chewed plant matter that ruminants regurgitate and chew again
    • What is the function of saliva in ruminants?
      Saliva helps break down fat and starches and buffers the pH in the reticulum and rumen
    • What is the role of microbes in the rumen?
      Microbes in the rumen help digest the cud that ruminants regurgitate
    • What does the document state about the proprietary nature of the information?
      The document may contain proprietary information and may only be released with management approval
    • What is the significance of the figures referenced in the document?
      The figures provide visual understanding of the digestive systems discussed
    • How do digestive enzymes contribute to digestion?
      Digestive enzymes break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
    • Why is nutrient distribution important after absorption?
      Nutrient distribution ensures that absorbed nutrients reach different parts of the body for use
    • How is food propelled through the digestive system?
      Food is propelled through the digestive system by muscular contractions
    • What is the role of the esophagus in digestion?
      The esophagus channels food from the mouth to the stomach
    • How does the structure of the digestive system relate to the diet of animals?
      The structure of the digestive system is adapted to the specific dietary needs of the animals
    • What are the four chambers of a ruminant's stomach?
      Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum