Trends and Various Strategies Used By Organisms

• What are the four major steps of food processing?

  Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
• What is ingestion?

  Ingestion is the act of eating
• What are the two types of digestion?

  Mechanical and chemical digestion
• What is mechanical digestion?

  Mechanical digestion is the physical process of breaking down food into smaller particles
• What is chemical digestion?

  Chemical digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller particles that cells can use
• Why is chemical digestion necessary?

  Because large food molecules cannot be absorbed by cells and may not be compatible with the body's needs
• What occurs during absorption?

  Food molecules are absorbed by cells in the body
• What is the final step in food processing?

  Elimination
• What are food vacuoles?

  Food vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within a cell that contain food matter to be digested
• How does phagocytosis relate to food vacuoles?

  Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in solid food, forming a food vacuole
• What is intracellular digestion?

  Intracellular digestion is the breaking down of food inside food vacuoles
• Which organisms utilize intracellular digestion?

  Paramecia and sponges
• What is extracellular digestion?

  Extracellular digestion is the process of breaking down food in compartments continuous with the outside of the animal's body
• What is a gastrovascular cavity?

  A gastrovascular cavity is a digestive compartment with one opening for food entry and waste exit
• Why is the gastrovascular cavity called incomplete?

  Because it has only one opening for both food entry and waste exit
• How does Hydra capture its prey?

  Hydra uses its tentacles to capture its prey
• What happens to prey once captured by Hydra?

  The prey enters the gastrovascular cavity where digestive enzymes break it down
• What is the alimentary canal?

  The alimentary canal is a complete digestive system with two openings: the mouth and the anus
• How does the alimentary canal improve digestion?

  It allows for compartmentalization of digestion, enabling efficient processing from ingestion to elimination
• What do earthworms consume for nutrition?

  Earthworms obtain nutrition from decaying roots, leaves, and animal manures
• What is the role of the muscular pharynx in earthworms?

  The muscular pharynx swallows food after it enters the mouth
• What is the function of the gizzard in earthworms?

  The gizzard mechanically digests food using small stones
• What is the typhlosole in earthworms?

  The typhlosole is an internal fold of the intestines that increases surface area for digestion
• What is the alimentary canal of grasshoppers divided into?

  The foregut, midgut, and hindgut
• What are the mouthparts of grasshoppers used for?

  The mandibles are used for chewing, and the maxillae are used for manipulating and swallowing food
• What is the function of the gastric caeca in grasshoppers?

  The gastric caeca increase the surface area of the midgut for digestion and nutrient extraction
• What occurs in the stomach of grasshoppers?

  Most digestion occurs in the stomach, which has a storage function and a gizzard for grinding food
• What is the cloaca in birds?

  The cloaca is a shared opening for wastes from the digestive and excretory systems
• What adaptations do ruminants have for digesting cellulose?

  Ruminants have a unique four-chambered stomach to better digest fibrous plant material
• What is cud in ruminants?

  Cud is the under-chewed plant matter that ruminants regurgitate and chew again
• What is the function of saliva in ruminants?

  Saliva helps break down fat and starches and buffers the pH in the reticulum and rumen
• What is the role of microbes in the rumen?

  Microbes in the rumen help digest the cud that ruminants regurgitate
• What does the document state about the proprietary nature of the information?

  The document may contain proprietary information and may only be released with management approval
• What is the significance of the figures referenced in the document?

  The figures provide visual understanding of the digestive systems discussed
• How do digestive enzymes contribute to digestion?

  Digestive enzymes break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
• Why is nutrient distribution important after absorption?

  Nutrient distribution ensures that absorbed nutrients reach different parts of the body for use
• How is food propelled through the digestive system?

  Food is propelled through the digestive system by muscular contractions
• What is the role of the esophagus in digestion?

  The esophagus channels food from the mouth to the stomach
• How does the structure of the digestive system relate to the diet of animals?

  The structure of the digestive system is adapted to the specific dietary needs of the animals
• What are the four chambers of a ruminant's stomach?

  Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum