Energy for biological process

• Metabolism


  all the reactions that take place in a living organism.
• Anabolism


  Metabolic pathways that construct molecules
• Catabolism


  Metabolic pathways that break down molecules
• Name 4 different forms of energy

  light

  sound

  chemical

  kinetic
• What is ATP


  Phosphorylated nucleotide
• Name 3 photosynthetic pigment


  chlorophyll a

  chlorophyll b

  carotene
• Structure of chlorophyll


  Porphyrin ring structure

  Long hydrocarbon chain

  Magnesium at the centre
• What are the inputs of the light dependant stage (photosynthesis) ?


  light, water , oxidised NADP
• What are the outputs for Light dependant stage (photosynthesis) ?


  ATP, oxygen, reduced NADP
• What is NADP ?


  co-enzyme
• What is at the centre of photosystems ?


  chlorophyll a
• Name a difference between PSI and PSII ?


  PSII contains an enzyme that can split water in the presence of light.
• What is photophosphorylation?


  Production of ATP by combining a phosphate group with ADP using light energy.
• Describe chemiosmosis?


  A high energy electron is passed from one carrier to another, gradually losing energy. As a result protons are pumped across thylakoid membranes & accumulating in space causes a proton gradient. The protons flow down the electrochemical gradient though ATP synthase, producing a force.
• Name 3 differences between cyclic and non- cyclic photophosphorylation?


  cyclic only uses PSI, no photolysis and electron always returns to photosystem

  non-cyclic uses PSII and PSI, photolysis occurs and NADPH is produced.
• Name 3 similarities between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?


  ATP is produced, both use PSI and chemiosmosis occurs in both.
• Where does the light dependant stage take place ?


  Thylakoid membranes
• Where does the light independant stage take place ?


  Stroma
• What is added to the calvin cycle to make glucose ?


  ATP, NADPH and CO2
• What is the first stage of the calvin cycle ?


  carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate.
• What enzyme catalyses the reaction between CO2 and RuBP?


  Rubisco
• In the calvin cycle after CO2 combines with RuBP what happens to the 6 carbon molecule ?


  Rapidly breaks down to form 2 molecules of Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).See an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• What is needed to convert GP into triose-phosphate?

  NADPH (reducing agent) and ATP (energy)
• 5/6 times what happens to the triose-phosphate?


  Converted (with ATP) back into RuBP.
• 1/6 times what happens to the triose-phosphate ?


  Converted into glucose
• Name 4 limiting factors to photosynthesis


  Co2 concentration

  light intensity

  temperature

  H2O availability
• How is water an indirect limiting factor ?

  If a plant is short of water it will close its stomata and therefore prevent Co2 from diffusing into the leaf
• function if primary pigments ?


  act as reaction centres where electrons are excited
• Function of accessory pigments ?


  Transfer energy to primary pigments
• Name the processes in the cyclic light-dependent reaction.

  Photoionisation, electron transfer chain, chemiosmosis
• Name the processes in the non-cyclic light dependant reaction.


  Photolysis, photoionisation, electron transfer chain, chemiosmosis, reduction of NADP
• Name 3 main stages in light independant reaction


  carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
• extraction solvent used for TLC


  propanone
• state a material that can be used as the stationary phase in TLC


  silica gel
• How do you know which component is most polar in a TLC ?


  The spot which is most soluble in mobile phases