carbohydrates

• monosaccharides ( monomers) of carbohydrates:

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
• disaccharides (dimers) of carbohydrates

  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
• polysaccharides (polymers) of carbohydrates

  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
• gluocose has 2 isomers , alpha- glucose and beta- glucose
• this is an alpha glucose

  
• this is a beta glucose

  
• disacharides

  • contain two monosaccharides bonded
  • contain a glycosidic bond
  • formed by a condensation reaction
• glucose + glucose = maltose + water
• glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
• glucose + galactose = lactose + water
• starch : monomer , bonding , function , location , structure

  1. alpha glucose monomers
  2. 1-4 and 1-6 glycocidic bonds
  3. function : insoluble store of glucose in plants
  4. location : starch grains in plant cell eg. chloroplast
  5. structure : made of 2 polmers , amylose and amylopectin an unbranched helix and branched chain
• amylose

  • 1-4 glycocidic bonds
  • straight chain
  • unbranched helix
• amylopectin

  • 1-6 glycocidic bonds and 1-4 glycocidic bonds
  • branches and straight chains
• glycogen

  • alpha glucose monomers
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycocidic bonds ( more 1-6 glycocidic bonds than amylopectin)
  • function : insoluble store of glucose in animals
  • location : animal liver and muscle cells
  • structure: highly branched , can compact easily
• cellulose

  • beta glucose monomers
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • function : provides structural strength to cell walls
  • location : cell walls of plants
  • structure : only 1-4 glygosidic bonds so contain long straight chains that lie parallel to eachother held by hydrogen bonds. it creates a structure called a fibril
• starch structure+function

  • insoluble - wont affect water potential
  • helix shape - can compact alot of glucose in a small space
  • branch structure - increases surface area for rapid hydrolosis back to glucose
• glycogen structure+function

  • branched structure - increases surface area for rapid hydrolisis back to glucose
  • insoluble - wont affect water potential
• cellulose structure+function

  • many hydrogen bonds - provides collective strength
  • insoluble - wont affect water potential
• examples of reducing sugars are

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • maltose
  • lactose
• examples of non-reducing sugars are:

  • sucrose
• recucing sugars reduce the copper sulphate ( blue ) in benedicts solution which creates copper oxide ( brick red )
• non reducing sugars have groups within sucrose which is used up in glycocidic bonds
• beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds are long straight chains. each beta glucose monomers are upside down and bonded to the next one ( found in cellulose )
• in cellulose strength comes from the microfibrils and macrofibrils due to the collective strength of hydrogen bonds
• alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds are coiled and form a helix
• what elements are in carbohydrates?

  carbon , hydrogen and oxygen
• what is a monomer?


  a smaller unit that makes up a larger molecule/polymer
• what is a polymer?

  made from lots of monomers bonded together
• whats the name of the bond between disacharrides and polysacharides?

  glycosidic bonds
• explain how cellulose molecules are adapted to their function:

  • long and straight chains
  • become linked by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
  • provide strength