Classics women to be feared

• What topics are covered in AQA GCSE physics paper 1?

  Energy, electricity, particles, and atomic structure
• What is energy described as in physics?

  Energy is an idea that tells us what will happen when objects interact in a system
• What does the law of conservation of energy state?

  Total energy in any interaction is always conserved
• What is the unit of energy?

  Joules
• How is kinetic energy calculated?

  Kinetic energy is calculated with $E =$$\frac{1}{2} mv^2$
• What does gravitational potential energy depend on?

  Gravitational potential energy depends on mass, gravitational field strength, and height
• What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

  Gravitational potential energy is calculated with $E =$$mgh$
• What is elastic potential energy in a spring calculated by?

  Elastic potential energy is calculated with $E =$$\frac{1}{2} k e^2$
• What does specific heat capacity measure?

  Specific heat capacity measures how much energy is needed to raise 1 kilogram of a substance by 1°C
• What is the equation for change in thermal energy?

  The equation for change in thermal energy is $E =$$mc\Delta T$
• What happens to particles when thermal energy increases?

  Particles move faster when thermal energy increases
• What is the relationship between energy transfer and closed systems?

  In a closed system, no energy is lost to the surroundings
• How can gravitational potential energy be converted to kinetic energy?

  Gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as an object falls
• How can you rearrange the kinetic energy equation to find speed?

  Speed can be found using $v =$$\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}$
• What is the effect of air resistance on energy in a system?

  Air resistance causes energy to be lost to the surroundings
• What is the equation for power?

  Power is calculated with $P =$$\frac{E}{t}$
• What does efficiency measure?

  Efficiency measures how much energy is used usefully in a system
• How is efficiency calculated?

  Efficiency is calculated as $\text{Efficiency} =$$\frac{\text{Useful energy out}}{\text{Total energy in}}$
• What happens to energy in a system with 60% efficiency?

  40% of the energy is wasted
• What are finite energy sources?

  Finite energy sources include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas
• What is electricity?

  Electricity is the flow of charge, typically electrons
• What is the role of a battery in a circuit?

  A battery provides a store of chemical potential energy
• What are renewable energy sources?

  Renewable energy sources include wind power, hydroelectric power, and solar panels
• How does current flow in a circuit?

  Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery
• What is potential difference (PD)?

  Potential difference tells us how much energy is transferred per coulomb of charge
• How is potential difference measured?

  Potential difference is measured with a voltmeter connected in parallel
• What does current measure in a circuit?

  Current measures the rate of flow of charge through a circuit
• What does the equation for potential difference look like?

  The equation for potential difference is $V =$$\frac{E}{Q}$
• What is the equation for current?

  The equation for current is $I =$$\frac{Q}{t}$
• How is resistance defined in a circuit?

  Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge in a circuit
• What does Ohm's law state?

  Ohm's law states that voltage is directly proportional to current
• What is the equation for resistance?

  The equation for resistance is $R =$$\frac{V}{I}$
• How can you determine the resistance of a component from an IV graph?

  You can determine resistance by picking a point on the line and rearranging Ohm's law
• What does a curved IV graph indicate about a component?

  A curved IV graph indicates that the resistance of the component is changing
• What is the relationship between potential difference (PD) and current (I) in a resistor?

  They are directly proportional.
• What does a straight line graph of PD versus current indicate about a resistor?

  It indicates that the resistor has constant resistance.
• What happens to the graph if the battery is reversed?

  It still produces a straight line through the origin with negative values.
• What does a steeper gradient on the PD versus current graph indicate?

  It indicates lower resistance of the resistor.
• What is the equation for resistance according to Ohm's law?

  V = I × R
• How can you find the resistance of a component from an IV graph?

  By picking a point on the line and rearranging Ohm's law to R = V / I.