Bottom up approach

• What is the aim from the bottom up approach ?

  Generate a picture of the offender through evidence analysis e.g characteristics,routine behaviour and social background.There is no typologies - profile is data driven 
• What’s investigate psychology ?

  An attempt to apply statistical procedures and psychological theory to the analysis of crime scenes.
• What’s investigate psychology aim?

  Aim is to establish patterns of behaviour that are likely to occur across crime scenes.Creation of a database,as a baseline.Details of a crime can then be matched to the database - same offender?
• What’s interpersonal coherence (investigate psychology) ?

  The way the offender behaves at the scene including the way they interact with the scene 
• What’s time + place (investigate psychology) ?

  Could indicate something about the way they live/work 
• What’s forensic awareness (investigate psychology) ?

  Behaviour could indicate that they have been involved with the police in the past 
• What’s geographical profiling?

  Uses information about the location of linked crime scenes to make inferences about the likely base of an offender.
• What does spacial consistency mean?

  Offenders will stick to a certain area - centre of gravity becomes clear - circle theory (canter + Larkin , 1993)
• What are the two types of offenders according to geographical profiling ?

  • marauder - operates in close proximity to home base 
  • Commuter - travelled a distance from their usual residence 
• How do these two types of offenders help ?

  Provide insight not the nature of offence.Planned/opportunistic,mode of transport,age  and employment status 
• How does John Duffy support the theories?

  The circle theory helped identify him as he was a marauder and committed his sexual attacks and three murder nears a railway station.Duffy worked on a railway site.Some facts about Duffy that supported canter profile is that he was separated,lived in Kilburn and was violent - attacked wife.
• What are some evaluations of the bottom up approach ?

  :) more scientific and objective than top down approach - no hypothesis and statistics weren’t used 

  :( can’t reliably identify an offender - support case study Rachel Nickel

  :) support for geographical profiling - canter used information from 120 murder cases  - serial killers in US