acids & base

• What does the pH scale measure?

  The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
• What is the range of the pH scale?

  The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• What pH value indicates a neutral solution?

  A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
• What is the pH of stomach acid?

  The pH of stomach acid is around 2.
• What is the pH of acid rain?

  The pH of acid rain is around 4.
• What is the pH of washing up liquid?

  The pH of washing up liquid is around 9.
• What is the pH of bleach used for cleaning bathrooms?

  The pH of bleach is around 12.
• What are indicators used for in measuring pH?

  Indicators are used to change color depending on the pH of a solution.
• What is a wide range indicator?

  A wide range indicator changes color across a wide range of pH values.
• What is the most common example of a wide range indicator?

  The most common example is the universal indicator.
• How does the universal indicator show pH levels?

  The universal indicator shows colors ranging from deep red at low pH to bluey purple at high pH.
• How is pH measured using a pH probe?

  A pH probe measures pH by being dipped into a solution and providing a numerical reading.
• What is the benefit of using a pH probe over an indicator?

  A pH probe is more accurate and precise than an indicator.
• How is an acid defined in terms of pH?

  An acid is defined as any substance that forms aqueous solutions with a pH of less than 7.
• What do acids release in water that makes the solution acidic?

  Acids release hydrogen ions in water.
• How is a base defined in terms of pH?

  A base is defined as any substance with a pH greater than 7.
• What ions do alkalis form in water?

  Alkalis form hydroxide ions (OH^-) in water.
• What is an alkali?

  An alkali is a base that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7.
• What is produced in a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?

  A neutralization reaction produces a salt and water.
• What is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?

  Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water.
• How can neutralization reactions be represented in terms of ions?

  Neutralization reactions can be represented by H⁺ from the acid and OH^- from the base combining to form H₂O.
• What is the pH of the products in a neutralization reaction?

  The pH of the products in a neutralization reaction should be 7, indicating they are neutral.
• What are some common acids and bases encountered in the course?

  Common acids:

  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Nitric acid

  
  

  Common bases:

  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Calcium carbonate
• What is the significance of learning common acids and bases?

  Learning common acids and bases is important as they frequently appear in the course.
• What is the pH of an aqueous solution formed by an acid?

  Less than seven
• Why do acids form aqueous solutions with a pH of less than seven?

  Because they ionize in aqueous solutions to release hydrogen ions
• What ions does hydrochloric acid dissociate into?

  H⁺ and Cl^-
• What ions does nitric acid dissociate into?

  H+ and NO3-
• What defines strong acids?

  They ionize completely in solution
• Name two examples of strong acids.

  Hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
• How do weak acids differ from strong acids in terms of ionization?

  Weak acids do not fully ionize in solution
• Give an example of a weak acid.

  Ethanoic acid
• What does it mean that the ionization of a weak acid is reversible?

  There is an equilibrium between undissociated and dissociated forms
• What does a double arrow in a chemical equation indicate?

  The reaction is reversible
• What does it mean when we say the equilibrium lies to the left for weak acids?

  There are more undissociated acid molecules than dissociated ones
• How is acid strength different from acid concentration?

  Strength refers to ionization, while concentration refers to the amount of acid in a volume
• What does concentration measure in terms of acids?

  The amount of acid in a certain volume
• Can strong acids be found in both high and low concentrations?

  Yes, strong acids can be at any concentration
• Can weak acids also be concentrated or dilute?

  Yes, weak acids can be either concentrated or dilute
• What does pH measure?

  The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution