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• Which tribes are included in the Plains Indians?

  Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho
• What was the primary lifestyle of the Plains Indians?

  They lived a nomadic lifestyle, constantly moving and following buffalo migrations
• What were the main structures used by the Plains Indians for shelter?

  Tipis
• Why were horses essential for the Plains Indians?

  They were the main method of survival, essential for travel and warfare
• What role did buffalo play in the lives of the Plains Indians?

  Buffalo were the source of survival, providing food, clothing, and materials for tipis and weapons
• What economic event in 1837 contributed to westward migration?

  The Economic Depression
• What was the concept of Manifest Destiny?

  It was the belief that it was white Americans' duty to spread and colonize all of the USA
• What happened to the Donner Party in 1846?

  They took an untested route and faced cannibalism during a harsh winter
• Who led the Mormon migration to Salt Lake Valley?

  Brigham Young
• What was the main reason for the Gold Rush in 1849?

  Gold was discovered in California in 1848
• What was the impact of the Gold Rush on California's population?

  California's population rose to 300,000 with the influx of settlers
• What issues arose in mining towns during the Gold Rush?

  Lawlessness, gangs, claim jumping, and violence
• What was the Homestead Act of 1862?

  It encouraged settlement on the Plains by offering land to settlers
• What were the conditions like for homesteaders on the Plains?

  Conditions were tough, leading to many quitting
• What did the Timber Culture Act provide for settlers?

  160 more acres if they planted trees
• What was the purpose of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862?

  To create the first transcontinental railroad
• When was the first transcontinental railroad completed?

  1869
• How did the railroad impact settlement in the West?

  It increased settlement and helped the growth of the cattle industry
• What was the Exoduster Movement?

  A movement of African Americans migrating to Kansas for a new life
• What challenges did Exodusters face in Kansas?

  They faced hostility from whites and tough land conditions
• What did the Dawes Act of 1883 do?

  It split up Indian lands into 160 acres per Indian family
• What was the significance of the Oklahoma Land Rush in 1889?

  It allowed settlers to claim land in Oklahoma, leading to land rushes
• What were some problems faced by homesteaders on the Plains?

  Lack of water, extreme weather, and poor soil
• What type of houses did early homesteaders build?

  Sod houses
• What invention helped homesteaders pump water?

  The windpump, invented by Halladay
• What was the purpose of the sulky plough invented in 1875?

  To pull up tough weeds
• Who invented barbed wire and when?

  Joseph Glidden in 1874
• What was the significance of the Oregon Trail discovered by Jed Smith?

  It was the first trail safely used by wagons to cross the Rockies
• What is dry farming?

  A method to keep soil moist by covering wet soil
• How many people crossed the Oregon Trail between 1841-1869?

  400,000 people
• What was the role of cattle trails established in 1865?

  To drive cattle from Texas to the Plains for sale
• Who set up the first cow town and what was it called?

  James McCoy set up Abilene
• What was the impact of the Great Die Up in 1886/7?

  It caused the deaths of 15% of cattle on the Plains
• What were range wars?

  Conflicts between homesteaders and cattle ranchers over land and resources
• What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

  It forced 46,000 Cherokee Indians to move to Indian Territory
• What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851?

  To establish boundaries for Indian territories and ensure peace
• What was the impact of white settlement on the Plains Indians?

  It led to the extermination of buffalo and reduced Indian territory
• What was the outcome of Little Crow's War in 1862?

  Little Crow and his men were caught and executed
• What happened during the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864?

  Black Kettle's camp was attacked, resulting in 130 deaths
• What was the significance of the Battle of Little Big Horn?

  It resulted in the massacre of General Custer and his men