waves

• What is the definition of waves?

  Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
• What are the two types of waves?

  • Transverse Waves: Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, electromagnetic waves, waves on water).
  • Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound waves, seismic P-waves).
• How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?

  Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer, while longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to it.
• What is amplitude in wave properties?

  Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position.
• What does wavelength (λ) represent in wave properties?

  Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave.
• How is frequency (f) defined?

  Frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
• What is the period (T) of a wave?

  The period is the time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.
• What is the formula to calculate the period of a wave?

  $T =$$\frac{1}{f}$
• What is the formula for wave speed (v)?

  $v =$$f \lambda$
• What happens during reflection of waves?

  Waves bounce off a surface during reflection.
• What is the law of reflection?

  The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
• What causes refraction of waves?

  Refraction occurs due to a change in wave speed as waves pass from one medium to another.
• How do waves behave when they slow down in a new medium?

  Waves bend towards the normal when they slow down.
• What is diffraction in wave behavior?

  Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle.
• What type of waves are sound waves?

  Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
• How does the speed of sound vary in different media?

  The speed of sound is fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases.
• What is pitch in relation to sound waves?

  Pitch is related to frequency; higher frequency means higher pitch.
• How is loudness related to sound waves?

  Loudness is related to amplitude; greater amplitude means louder sound.
• What produces echoes in sound?

  The reflection of sound produces echoes.
• What is the human hearing range?

  The human hearing range is approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
• What are electromagnetic waves?

  Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that can travel through a vacuum.
• What is the electromagnetic spectrum arranged by?

  • Increasing frequency
  • Decreasing wavelength
• What are the types of electromagnetic waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?

  • Radio Waves: Longest wavelength, lowest frequency.
  • Microwaves: Used in cooking and satellite communications.
  • Infrared: Used in heaters and night-vision equipment.
  • Visible Light: The only part visible to humans.
  • Ultraviolet: Can cause skin burns.
  • X-rays: Used in medical imaging.
  • Gamma Rays: Shortest wavelength, highest frequency.
• What is a key property of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

  All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum (approximately $3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$).
• What can electromagnetic waves do?

  Electromagnetic waves can be reflected, refracted, and diffracted.
• What are the uses of different electromagnetic waves?

  • Radio Waves: Broadcasting, communication.
  • Microwaves: Cooking, satellite communication.
  • Infrared: Heaters, thermal imaging.
  • Visible Light: Photography, seeing.
  • Ultraviolet: Security markings, fluorescent lamps.
  • X-rays: Medical imaging.
  • Gamma Rays: Sterilization, cancer treatment.
• What are the dangers associated with certain electromagnetic waves?

  • Ultraviolet: Can cause skin damage and increase skin cancer risk.
  • X-rays and Gamma Rays: Ionizing radiation that can damage cells and cause cancer with high exposure.
• What is visible light?

  Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye.
• How do different colors of visible light correspond to wavelengths?

  Different colors correspond to different wavelengths, with red having the longest wavelength and violet the shortest.
• What happens when light is dispersed by a prism?

  Light is separated into its component colors when dispersed by a prism.
• How do mirrors and lenses interact with light?

  Mirrors reflect light to form images, while lenses refract light to focus or spread out light rays.
• What are the two types of lenses?

  • Convex Lens (Converging Lens): Brings light rays together to a point.
  • Concave Lens (Diverging Lens): Spreads light rays apart.
• What type of image is formed by convex lenses?

  Convex lenses form real images when light converges.
• What type of image is formed by concave lenses?

  Concave lenses form virtual images or when looking through a magnifying glass.
• What are the uses of convex and concave lenses?

  • Convex Lenses: Used to magnify objects and in cameras.
  • Concave Lenses: Used to correct short-sightedness.
• What is magnification?

  Magnification is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object.
• What is the formula for magnification?

  $\text{Magnification} =$$\frac{\text{image height}}{\text{object height}}$
• What does a magnification greater than 1 indicate?

  A magnification greater than 1 indicates an enlarged image.
• What does a magnification less than 1 indicate?

  A magnification less than 1 indicates a diminished image.
• Does magnification have units?

  No, magnification has no units.