Cardiovascular system

• What is the primary learning outcome related to the cardiovascular system?

  To understand the anatomy of the heart
• Why is the cardiovascular system important?

  It ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to cells and waste products are removed
• What are the two types of cardiovascular problems?

  Congenital and acquired
• What is the significance of A to E assessments in nursing?

  They are vital for assessing the clinical health of the patient
• How many main chambers are there in the heart?

  Four
• What are the two main vessels arising from the ventricles?

  The aorta and the pulmonary artery
• What are the two main properties of arteries?

  Elasticity and contractility
• What type of blood do veins carry?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What is the normal range for pulse rate?

  60-100 bpm
• What does bradycardia refer to?

  A slow heart rate
• What does an ECG measure?

  The electrical activity of the heart
• What is the cardiac cycle?

  The pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart during one complete heartbeat
• What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

  1. Atrial and Ventricular diastole (chambers relax and fill with blood)
  2. Atrial systole (atria contract and push blood into ventricles)
  3. Ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood out)
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
• What is the normal urine output for a toddler?

  1. 5 ml/kg/hour
• What are common types of congenital heart diseases?

  • Septal defects
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis
  • Transposition of the great arteries
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
• What is Kawasaki disease?

  A condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels in children under 5
• What is the treatment for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

  Vagal stimulation and adenosine
• What are the symptoms of arrhythmias in children?

  • Chest flutters
  • Palpitations
  • Very fast pulse
  • Breathlessness
  • Dizziness
• How does congenital heart disease differ from acquired heart disease?

  Congenital heart disease is present at birth, while acquired heart disease develops later in life
• What is the purpose of cardiac screening tests?

  To identify abnormalities in heart function
• What is the role of inotropes in cardiac nursing assessment?

  They help improve heart contractility
• What does a thickened heart muscle indicate in a patient?

  It may indicate cardiomyopathy
• What is the significance of capillary refill time?

  It assesses peripheral circulation
• What does a normal blood pressure reading indicate?

  It indicates adequate circulation and heart function
• What is the normal respiratory rate for a 15-month-old child?

  40 breaths per minute
• What is the purpose of a Holter monitor?

  To continuously monitor heart rhythm over 24 hours
• How do symptoms of congenital heart disease differ from acquired heart disease?

  Congenital heart disease symptoms often appear early in life, while acquired heart disease symptoms may develop later
• What is the role of surgical correction in congenital heart disease?

  To reduce the likelihood of pulmonary obstructive vascular disease
• What is the treatment for arrhythmias?

  Electrical cardioversion and pacemaker insertion
• What does the term "patch repair" refer to in cardiac treatment?

  A surgical method to close defects in the heart
• What is the significance of family history in diagnosing cardiac conditions?

  It helps identify genetic predispositions to heart diseases
• What is the purpose of genetic testing in cardiac assessments?

  To identify inherited heart conditions
• How do symptoms of heart disease manifest differently in children compared to adults?

  Children may show symptoms like irritability and unusual crying, while adults may experience chest pain and shortness of breath
• What is the role of diuretics in cardiac nursing assessment?

  They help reduce fluid overload in patients
• What is the normal heart rate for a 15-year-old?

  60-100 bpm
• What does a low blood pressure reading indicate?

  It may indicate inadequate circulation or shock
• What is the purpose of a blood test in cardiac assessments?

  To check for markers of heart disease
• What is the significance of a patient's respiratory rate in cardiac assessment?

  It helps evaluate the patient's respiratory function and overall health
• How does the treatment for congenital heart disease differ from that for acquired heart disease?

  Treatment for congenital heart disease often involves surgical correction, while acquired heart disease may require medication and lifestyle changes