Foreign powers

• What was the main concern for Henry VII in 1485 regarding foreign powers?

  Securing England’s borders from Scotland and France
• Why did Henry VII seek alliances with France’s rivals?

  To benefit England by securing its borders
• When was a truce made between England and Scotland?

  In 1486
• What happened in summer 1495 involving Perkin Warbeck and King James IV?

  Warbeck was welcomed and given a pension and marriage
• What was the outcome of the invasion by James IV and Warbeck in 1497?

  They signed the Truce of Ayton, later the Treaty of Perpetual Peace
• What significant marriage alliance occurred in 1503?

  Henry’s daughter Margaret married James IV of Scotland
• What was the Breton Crisis related to?

  France's control of Brittany, which opposed Henry's interests
• What did the Treaty of Étaples achieve in 1492?

  It ended the Breton Crisis and provided Henry with an annual income
• What was the Holy League that Henry VII joined in 1496?

  An alliance of France’s rivals during the Italian Wars
• What was agreed upon in the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?

  Spain and England would not make treaties with France without consulting each other
• Who was Prince Arthur betrothed to in 1489?

  Catherine of Aragon
• What happened to Prince Arthur in 1502?

  He died, breaking the marriage alliance with Spain
• Why did Henry VII need the pope's permission for Prince Henry to marry Catherine of Aragon?

  Because they were sister-in-law and brother-in-law
• What was the state of relations between England and Spain from 1504 to 1509?

  Relations soured
• What did historian Steven Gunn argue about Henry VII's foreign policy achievements?

  They had a significant long-term impact, leading to the union of crowns
• What were the key components of Henry VII's foreign policy?

  • Securing borders from Scotland and France
  • Making alliances with France's rivals (Spain and Burgundy)
  • Establishing marriage alliances to strengthen ties
  • Maintaining neutrality in conflicts like the Italian Wars
• What were the implications of Henry VII's marriage alliances?

  • United the houses of York and Lancaster
  • Secured heirs for the Tudor dynasty
  • Strengthened political ties with Scotland and Spain
  • Influenced future relations between England and other nations
• What were the consequences of Prince Arthur's death?

  • Broke the marriage alliance with Spain
  • Left Prince Henry as the only male heir
  • Created uncertainty in England's relations with Spain
• How did Henry VII's foreign policy contribute to the stability of his reign?

  • Established peace with Scotland through treaties
  • Secured financial benefits from treaties with France
  • Formed strategic alliances with Spain and Burgundy