Bones, skeletal muscles and fractures

• What are the learning outcomes of the session?

  • Identify the functions of the musculo-skeletal system
  • Explore the functions and types of bones
  • Understand the process of bone formation and healing
  • Identify hormones and electrolytes involved in bone growth
  • Recognise specific bones in the body
  • Understand the function of joints and identify types
  • Identify types of muscles and muscle movements
  • Discuss the neuromuscular junction
  • Understand the relevance of the musculoskeletal system for nurses
• What is the title of the session discussed in the study material?

  Bones, skeletal muscles and fractures in children and young adults
• Why should nurses know about the musculoskeletal system?

  To manage fractures, congenital conditions, and mental health issues in children and young adults
• What are the classifications of bones by shape?

  Long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular
• What are the functions of bones in the skeleton?

  • Support: anchors soft organs
  • Movement: muscles attach to bones via tendons
  • Form boundaries: cranium, thorax, pelvis
  • Protect organs: thoracic cage, cranium, vertebrae, pelvis
  • Storage: fat, calcium, phosphate, magnesium
  • Haematopoiesis: formation of blood cells
• What is the search term related to skeletal development in children?

  Skeletal development in children
• What are osteons and their function?

  Osteons are tree-like structures that provide strength to the bone
• What is the structure of compact bone?

  • 80% of the skeleton
  • Contains osteons (Haversian systems)
  • Central canal with nerves, lymph vessels, and blood vessels
  • Linked by perforating canals
• What is the structure of spongy bone?

  • Honeycomb texture
  • Contains lamella forming trabeculae
  • Macroscopic spaces filled with bone marrow
  • Bone marrow nourishes osteocytes
• What are the parts of a long bone?

  • Epiphysis: ends of the bone
  • Diaphysis: shaft
  • Medullary cavity: red/yellow bone marrow
  • Periosteum: double-layer membrane
• What is the function of the periosteum?

  The periosteum protects the bone and contains capillaries, nerves, and osteocytes
• What are the types of bone cells?

  • Osteoblasts: build bone
  • Osteoclasts: break down bone
  • Osteocytes: maintain bone tissue
• What is the bone remodeling cycle?

  1. Bone resorption
  2. Building
  3. Rest
• What is the role of calcium in bone health?

  Calcium is essential for bone structure, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse transmission
• What is the process of bone growth in children?

  • Osteogenesis begins as a fetus
  • Long bones develop from cartilage
  • Growth plates produce cartilage for elongation
  • Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses
• At what age does bone growth typically complete?

  By age 18-25
• What are the differences between pediatric and adult musculoskeletal systems?

  • Pediatric skeleton is less densely calcified
  • Higher percentage of cartilage
  • Bones are lighter and more porous
  • Stronger ligaments and periosteum
• What factors influence bone development in adults?

  • Dietary: Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Vitamins A, C, D
  • Hormones: Growth hormone, Thyroxine, Insulin, Oestrogen, Testosterone
• How many bones are in the human skeleton?

  206 bones
• What are the two sections of the human skeleton?

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• What bones make up the axial skeleton?

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
• What are the functions of the skull?

  • Protects the brain
  • Protects the eyes
  • Supports the structures of the inner ear
  • Provides depth to the voice
• What are fontanelles in a newborn skull?

  Soft spots that fuse between 18-24 months
• What is the function of the vertebral column?

  • Protects the spinal cord
  • Allows movement of the spine
  • Supports the skull
  • Acts as a shock absorber
• What are the types of fractures?

  1. Simple
  2. Compound
  3. Pathological
  4. Comminuted
  5. Avulsion
  6. Compression
  7. Transverse
  8. Spiral
  9. Greenstick
• What are the stages of bone repair after a fracture?

  1. Haematoma formation
  2. Inflammatory process
  3. Reconstruction
  4. Bony callus formation
  5. Remodeling
• What factors can delay fracture healing?

  • Tissue fragments between bone ends
  • Poor blood supply
  • Malnutrition
  • Co-morbidities
• What are some diseases of the bone in children?

  • Osteoporosis
  • Paget's Disease
  • Rickets
  • Scoliosis
  • Tumors (e.g., Osteosarcoma)
• What are the clinical features of rickets in children?

  • Delayed closure of fontanelles
  • Bowing of legs
  • Swelling in wrists and hands
  • Dental hypoplasia
• What causes rickets in children?

  Lack of Vitamin D, Calcium, and sunlight