B3 Infection and response

• What are communicable diseases caused by?

  Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists
• What happens to a cell when it is infected by a virus?

  The cell explodes, releasing more viruses to infect other cells
• What disease is caused by the measles virus?

  Measles
• How do pathogens reproduce in the body?

  They reproduce in your body and cause damage
• How do viruses replicate within a host cell?

  They inject their genetic code into a cell, causing it to produce more viruses
• What is a virus composed of?

  A protein casing that surrounds genetic code
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What does HIV compromise in the body?

  The immune system
• What is another name for HIV?

  AIDS
• How can HIV be spread?

  By sharing needles or through sexual contact
• What do bacteria release that damages body cells?

  Toxins
• What is an example of a bacterial infection from undercooked food?

  Salmonella
• What is a common fungal infection mentioned in the text?

  Athlete's foot
• What is gonorrhea?

  An STD that causes a yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that burrows into red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in the context of disease?

  An organism that transmits a disease
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection that affects plants
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus do to plants?

  It discolors leaves by inhibiting chlorophyll production
• What is the first barrier our bodies have against pathogens?

  Skin
• How does mucus help protect the body?

  It traps pathogens that enter the nose and trachea
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They combat pathogens that enter the bloodstream
• What are lymphocytes?

  A type of white blood cell
• What do lymphocytes produce to neutralize toxins?

  Antitoxins
• What do antibodies do?

  They stick to antigens on pathogens and prevent infection
• How do antibodies and antigens interact?

  Antibodies fit specific shapes of antigens
• What happens when pathogens are unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes create different shapes of antibodies until one fits
• What is immunity?

  The ability to prevent infection from previously encountered pathogens
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen
• How does a vaccine work?

  It exposes the immune system to a pathogen to produce antibodies
• What is the flu vaccine?

  A vaccine made from an irradiated virus
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It injects mRNA to trick cells into synthesizing part of the virus
• What do antibiotics do?

  They kill bacteria but not viruses
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria and body cells
• What happens when bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• From where were drugs traditionally extracted?

  Plants and other organisms
• What is the process for testing new drugs?

  Lab trials, animal trials, and then human trials