chemical bonds

• what types of ions do metal form?

  positive / cation
• what type of ions do non-metals form?

  negative / anion
• how does ionic bonding occur?

  when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom electrons in the outer shell of the metal are transferred. once the oppositely charged ions are formed they will be held together by electrostatic forces of attraction
• between which substances does ionic bonding occur?

  metal and non-metal / oppositely charged ions
• structure of an ionic compound?


  giant regular lattice of oppositely charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between + and - ions
• what 2 things MUST you include in a dot and cross diagram for an ionic compound?

  Brackets around ions

  The charge of the atom
• what happens to electrons in ionic bonding?


  transferred
• how do you work out the empirical formula for ionic compounds?


  work the charge of each ion then switch them over
• zinc ion


  Zn 2+
• Silver ion


  Ag +
• Lead ion


  Pb 2+
• Ammonium ion


  NH4 +
• Hydroxide ion


  OH-
• Nitrate ion


  NO3 -
• Carbonate ion


  CO3 2-
• Hydrogen Carbonate ion


  HCO3 -
• Sulfate ion


  SO4 2-
• what happens in covalent bonding

  non metals share pairs of electrons and form strong covalent bonds
• What happens to electrons in colvelant bonding?

  shared pair of electrons
• simple molecular substances

  made of molecules containing few atoms joined by covalent bonds
• displayed formula for hydrogen


  H-H
• displayed formula for chlorine


  Cl-Cl
• displayed formula for oxygen


  O=O
• displayed formula for nitrogen


  *

  
• displayed formula for hydrogen chloride


  H-Cl
• displayed formula for methane


  *

  
• displayed formula for water


  H-O-H
• in which elements does metallic bonding happen?


  metals
• what happens in metallic bonding?


  the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms become delocalised leaving positive metals ions which are attracted to a sea of delocalised electrons. Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• what is an ion

  charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains an electron