Reading

• What was the focus of the study by Shallice and Burgess (1991)?

  Deficits in strategy application after frontal lobe damage

  
• How many patients were involved in the study?

  Three patients
• What type of injuries did the patients sustain?

  Traumatic injuries involving prefrontal structures
• What was a common difficulty faced by all three patients during the tests?

  Spending too long on individual tasks
• What cognitive abilities did the patients score well on?

  Perception, language, and intelligence
• What was excluded as an explanation for the patients' difficulties?

  Memory or motivational problems
• What was argued to be the source of the patients' problems?

  Inability to reactivate intentions after a delay
• What effect do frontal lobe lesions have on everyday activities?

  Gross impairment in non-routine activities
• Who reported the case of an accountant with frontal lobe damage?

  Eslinger and Damasio (1985)
• What was the accountant's IQ after surgery?

  Over 130
• What difficulties did the accountant face despite high IQ?

  Gross impairment in organizing his life
• What was a specific example of the accountant's difficulties?

  Struggling to plan a simple dinner
• What is a characteristic of neuropsychological tests mentioned?

  Patients tackle a single explicit problem
• What is often not required in neuropsychological tests?

  Organizing or planning behavior over time
• What type of abilities are crucial for everyday activities?

  Executive abilities
• What are the key components of executive functioning in daily tasks?

  • Planning and organization
  • Task prioritization
  • Decision-making
  • Managing multiple activities
• What was the purpose of developing quantifiable analogues?

  To assess patients' performance in real-life tasks
• What type of injury did patient A.P. sustain?

  Serious open head injury
• What was A.P.'s condition after rehabilitation?

  Limited success in organizing activities
• How did A.P. describe his room before the accident?

  Immaculate with '5/5 tidiness'
• What was A.P.'s performance on the Digit Span subtest?

  Initially in the Dull Normal range
• What was the outcome of A.P.'s neuropsychological tests?

  Generally satisfactory performance
• What type of injury did D.N. sustain?

  Right frontal depressed skull fracture
• What did D.N.'s wife report about his domestic behavior?

  He is untidy and lacks initiative
• What was D.N.'s performance on the WAIS?

  Verbal IQ of 126 and Performance IQ of 112
• What was D.N.'s performance on memory tests?

  Good with verbal material, poor with visual
• What was D.N.'s performance on tests sensitive to frontal lobe lesions?

  Generally satisfactory but poor on one test
• What was the outcome of D.N.'s neuropsychological tests?

  Performed well on a wide range of tests
• How did D.N.'s IQ scores compare to his premorbid level?

  They may be below his premorbid level
• How did D.N. perform on verbal and visual memory tests?

  Well on verbal, poorly on visual
• What does D.N.'s performance on frontal lobe tests indicate?

  Generally satisfactory with some poor results
• What injury did F.S. sustain 30 years ago?

  Fractured skull from a horse accident
• What was the result of F.S.'s CT scan after her second accident?

  Extensive lesion to the left frontal lobe
• What type of paralysis did F.S. experience after her first accident?

  Slight left-sided facial paralysis
• How does F.S. manage her daily activities?

  Undertakes virtually no inessential activities
• What does F.S.'s shopping behavior indicate about her organizational skills?

  She shops daily but buys very few items
• What does F.S.'s performance on memory tests suggest?

  Memory problems secondary to frontal difficulties
• How did the three patients perform on perceptual and cognitive tests?

  Close to their premorbid level

  
• What are the key findings from the neuropsychological tests of the three patients?

  • Case 1: No memory problems
  • Case 2: Primary visual memory impairment
  • Case 3: Frontal memory difficulties
  • All show severe organizational difficulties
• What is the purpose of the Six Element Test (SE)?

  To assess scheduling of multiple tasks