Nov Gaseous exhange

• What is one of the reagents necessary for aerobic respiration?

  Oxygen
• What is one of the waste products of aerobic respiration?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is the role of the gaseous exchange system?

  To deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide
• What is the difference between breathing, gaseous exchange, and respiration?

  • Breathing: Mechanical process bringing air into contact with the gaseous exchange surface.
  • Gaseous exchange: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs, blood, and tissues.
  • Respiration: Release of energy from fuel in the presence of oxygen, producing water and carbon dioxide as waste.
• What are the features of a gaseous exchange surface?

  • Large surface area for oxygen absorption
  • Thin surface for easy diffusion
  • Moist for facilitating diffusion
  • Transport system (blood) for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
  • Ventilation mechanism for bringing oxygen into contact with the surface
  • Sufficient protection to prevent drying and injury
• What is the function of the skin in gaseous exchange for some animals?

  It is thin, moist, and rich in blood vessels
• Why is diffusion less effective in larger animals?

  Because of a smaller surface area to volume ratio
• What increases the need for an effective transport system in gaseous exchange?

  Specialised surfaces for gaseous exchange
• What is the relationship between the rate of diffusion and surface area?

  The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area
• What is the role of the pleura in the lungs?

  To decrease friction during breathing
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  Three lobes
• How many lobes does the left lung have?

  Two lobes
• What is the diaphragm's role in breathing?

  It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
• What happens to the vocal cords when air flows over them?

  They vibrate to produce sound
• What is the function of cilia in the trachea?

  To expel mucus and trapped particles
• What happens during an asthma attack in the trachea?

  The muscles narrow the trachea
• What type of blood do the pulmonary arteries carry?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What is the role of the bronchial artery?

  To supply oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue
• What occurs during inhalation?

  Air is sucked into the lungs when interpleural pressure is lower than outside air pressure
• What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?

  They contract
• What is the function of the nasal passages?

  To filter, moisten, and warm the air
• What is the role of the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

  To increase internal surface area and direct airflow
• What triggers the sneeze reflex?

  Touch sensitivity in the nasal lining
• What is the function of the olfactory region in the nasal cavity?

  To detect chemical stimuli for smell
• What happens to the air as it moves through the nasal passages?

  It is filtered, moistened, and brought to body temperature
• What is the structure of the alveoli?

  They consist of a single layer of squamous epithelium
• How does oxygen move from the alveoli to the blood?

  By diffusion
• What is the role of capillaries around the alveoli?

  To bring blood into contact with the air for gas exchange
• What happens to carbon dioxide during gas exchange?

  It diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli
• What is the pathway of air to the lungs?

  From the nasal openings to the nasal passages, pharynx, and trachea
• What is the function of the vocal cords?

  To produce sound when air flows over them
• What happens to the trachea during an asthma attack?

  It becomes narrower due to muscle contraction
• What is the role of the intercostal muscles during exhalation?

  They relax
• What is the function of the diaphragm during inhalation?

  It contracts and flattens
• What is the role of the mucous membrane in the trachea?

  To trap particles and pathogens
• What happens to the air pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation?

  It decreases
• What is the purpose of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?

  To keep the trachea open
• What is the function of the bronchial artery?

  To supply oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue
• What is the role of the alveoli in the lungs?

  To facilitate gas exchange
• What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in respiration?

  A larger surface area to volume ratio enhances gas exchange efficiency