depression

• What is depression characterized by?

  Persistent low mood and loss of interest in pleasurable activities
• What distinguishes major depressive disorder from persistent depressive disorder?

  Major depressive disorder is clinical, while persistent depressive disorder is chronic or recurring
• What is required for a diagnosis of clinical depression according to the DSM-V?

  Depressed mood or loss of interest for more than two weeks
• What does "impaired function" refer to in the context of depression?

  It refers to social, occupational, or educational impairment
• What are the specific symptoms required for a diagnosis of clinical depression?

  • Depressed mood or irritability
  • Decreased interest or pleasure
  • Significant weight change or appetite change
  • Change in sleep patterns
  • Change in activity
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Diminished ability to think or concentrate
  • Suicidal thoughts or plans
• How does bipolar disorder differ from major depressive disorder?

  Bipolar disorder involves swings between depressive and manic episodes
• What are the characteristics of depression according to the DSM?

  • Behavioral: Neglect of personal appearance, withdrawal from others
  • Emotional: Intense sadness, irritability, feelings of worthlessness
  • Cognitive: Negative thoughts, lack of concentration, recurrent thoughts of death
• What does the cognitive approach believe about the origins of depression?

  It believes that depression stems from faulty cognitions about ourselves and the world.
• What is Beck's negative triad?

  It is a negative and irrational view of ourselves, our future, and the world around us.

  
• What are the three components of Beck's negative triad?

  The self, the world, and the future.
• What is cognitive bias according to Beck?

  It is the tendency to focus on negative aspects while ignoring positives.
• What is a negative self-schema?

  It is a schema that leads to negative interpretations about oneself.

  
• How do negative self-schemas develop according to Beck?

  They may develop from negative experiences such as criticism during childhood.
• What are examples of cognitive biases mentioned by Beck?

  Over-generalizations and catastrophizing.
• What happens to latent negative schemas in depression?

  They become activated by life events or ongoing stressors.
• What is the significance of automatic thoughts in depression?

  They are triggered more easily in depressed individuals when experiencing failures.
• What are the features of Beck's negative triad?

  • The self: "Nobody loves me."
  • The world: "The world is an unfair place."
  • The future: "I will always be a failure."

  
• What are the key components of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

  • Challenging irrational thoughts
  • Replacing negative thoughts with positive ones
  • Developing coping strategies

  
• What did Beck predict about negative schemas in depression?

  They become activated by life events or ongoing stressors.
• What is the negative triad according to Beck?

  It is a negative and irrational view of ourselves, our future, and the world.

  
• What are the three components of the negative triad?

  The self, the world, and the future.
• How do sufferers of depression experience thoughts related to the negative triad?

  These thoughts occur automatically.
• What are automatic thoughts in the context of depression?

  Thoughts triggered easily by failures.
• What are the features that suggest irrational or faulty thinking in depression?

  • Negative self-talk
  • Catastrophizing events
  • Overgeneralization of failures
  • Black-and-white thinking
• What are the possible consequences of faulty thinking for a person with depression?

  • Increased feelings of hopelessness
  • Withdrawal from social interactions
  • Heightened anxiety and stress
  • Impaired decision-making
• What did Lewinsohn et al (2001) find regarding negative thinking and depression?

  Negative thinking can be involved in the development of depression.
• How did Lewinsohn et al (2001) conduct their study on negative thinking?

  They measured negative thinking in non-depressed adolescents and assessed life events a year later.
• What did Boury et al (2001) find about patients with depression?

  They were more likely to misinterpret information negatively and feel hopeless.
• What is a limitation of the research on negative thinking and depression?

  Negative thinking may be an effect rather than a cause of depression.
• What do correlational studies in depression research imply?

  They do not determine causation between negative thoughts and depression.
• What do McIntosh and Fischer (2000) argue about Beck's theory?

  They believe only the self component is necessary, not the triad.
• What is Ellis' ABC model used for?

  To explain how irrational thoughts can lead to depression.

  
• What does 'A' stand for in Ellis' ABC model?

  Activating event.
• What does 'B' represent in Ellis' ABC model?

  Beliefs about the activating event.

  
• What are the consequences ('C') of beliefs in Ellis' ABC model?

  They lead to emotional outcomes based on the rationality of the beliefs.

  
• What is the goal of the 'E' in Ellis' ABCDEF model?

  To establish effective beliefs that replace irrational ones.
• What does the 'D' in Ellis' ABCDEF model stand for?

  Disputing negative beliefs.
• How does CBT aim to help patients?

  By identifying and replacing negative thoughts with positive ones.
• What is one strength of CBT in treating depression?

  It has been shown to be as effective as antidepressants.
• What is a limitation of CBT for treating severe depression?

  Patients may not engage with CBT or attend sessions.