behaviourism

• What does the behaviourist approach focus on?

  All behaviors are acquired through learning from the environment.
• Who founded the school of psychology known as behaviourism?

  John B. Watson.
• What does the term 'tabula rasa' refer to in behaviourism?

  It means the mind is a blank slate at birth.
• How do behaviourists view cognitions and emotions?

  They prefer not to study them as they focus on observable behavior.
• What is the view of behaviourists on human and animal behavior?

  There is no distinction; both can be studied similarly.
• What are the two major theories of conditioning?

  Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
• Who discovered classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov.
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through association.

  
• What did Pavlov observe in his dogs during his research?

  Dogs salivated before food was presented.
• What is the process of associative learning in classical conditioning?

  The dog associates a stimulus with food.

  
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food.
• What is the conditioned response in classical conditioning?

  Salivation in response to the bell.

  
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through reinforcement or punishment.
• Who investigated operant conditioning?

  Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
• What is positive reinforcement?

  A satisfying consequence that makes a behavior more likely to recur.
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence that makes a behavior less likely to recur.
• What is a Skinner box used for?

  To investigate conditioning in animals.

  
• What does the frequency of lever pressing in a Skinner box indicate?

  The strength of the conditioning of the behavior.

  
• How does positive reinforcement affect a rat in a Skinner box?

  The rat learns to press the lever more often for food pellets.

  
• How does negative reinforcement affect a rat in a Skinner box?

  The rat learns to press the lever to turn off an electric shock.

  
• How can reinforcement be used to encourage primary school children to pick up litter?

  • Positive reinforcement: Reward children with praise or small treats for picking up litter.
  • Create a system where children earn points for each piece of litter collected.
  • Use group rewards to encourage teamwork in litter collection.
• What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

  It uses strict scientific methods leading to verifiable findings.
• What is a limitation of behaviourist research?

  It may not generalize well to human behavior.
• How do behaviourists view individuals in terms of behavior?

  As passive beings at the mercy of their environments.
• What is a criticism of the behaviourist approach regarding free will?

  It leaves no room for the notion of free will in individuals.