memory

• What is the multi-store model of memory proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin?

  The multi-store model consists of sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• What does the multi-store model suggest about the formation of memories?

  Memories are formed sequentially and information passes linearly from one component to the next.
• What are the key features of each memory store in the multi-store model?

  • Sensory Register:
  • Coding: Modality specific, raw information
  • Capacity: Unknown, but very large
  • Duration: Less than one second (approximately 250 milliseconds)
  • Short-Term Memory:
  • Coding: Acoustic
  • Capacity: 7±2 chunks
  • Duration: Approximately 20 seconds
  • Long-Term Memory:
  • Coding: Semantic
  • Capacity: Unlimited
  • Duration: Lifetime
• What is the coding type of information in the sensory register?

  The coding type in the sensory register is raw/unprocessed information from all five senses.
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller (1956)?

  The capacity of short-term memory is 7±2 chunks of information.
• How does rehearsal affect the transfer of information to long-term memory?

  Rehearsed information is transferred to long-term memory.
• What is the duration of short-term memory as found by Peterson & Peterson (1959)?

  The duration of short-term memory is approximately 20 seconds.
• What did Bahrick (1975) conclude about the duration of long-term memory?

  Bahrick concluded that long-term memory can last a lifetime, at least 47 years.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Miller's (1956) study on short-term memory capacity?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by psychological research (e.g., Jacobs, 1887)
  • Provides a foundational understanding of STM capacity

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Did not specify the size of each chunk
  • Lacks consideration of factors like age affecting STM
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Peterson & Peterson's (1959) study on short-term memory duration?

  Strengths:

  • Highly controlled laboratory study
  • Easy to replicate for reliability

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Sample of psychology students may lead to demand characteristics
  • Low ecological validity due to artificial tasks
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Bahrick's (1975) study on long-term memory duration?

  Strengths:

  • Real-life application with high ecological validity
  • Demonstrates long-term retention of meaningful information

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lacks population validity due to sample being American graduates
  • Cannot determine if LTM accuracy decreases over time
• What is the coding type of information in long-term memory?

  The coding type in long-term memory is semantic, based on meaning.
• What is the significance of the findings from Miller (1956) regarding chunking in memory?

  Chunking allows for more information to be stored in short-term memory.
• How does the multi-store model of memory explain the process of memory retrieval?

  Information can be retrieved from long-term memory to short-term memory when required.
• What is the duration of information in the sensory register?

  The duration of information in the sensory register is less than one second.
• What does the term "modality specific" refer to in the context of the sensory register?

  It refers to the coding of information based on the specific sense it is received from.
• Who conducted the research that supports the idea of a limited duration in short-term memory?

  Peterson & Peterson (1959) conducted the research supporting limited duration in short-term memory.
• What is the main finding of Bahrick's (1975) study regarding the recall of names and faces?

  Participants could recall names and faces with 90% accuracy after 14 years and 60% after 47 years.
• How does the multi-store model differentiate between short-term memory and long-term memory?

  Short-term memory has a limited capacity and duration, while long-term memory has unlimited capacity and lifetime duration.
• What types of information can people remember for almost a lifetime?

  Names and faces
• What does the MSM suggest about the duration of long-term memory (LTM)?

  It has a lifetime duration of at least 47 years
• How is information encoded in long-term memory according to the study?

  It is semantically encoded
• What was the sample size used in Bahrick's research?

  392 American university graduates
• Why does Bahrick's research lack population validity?

  It only used American university graduates
• What is the implication of Bahrick's findings on the ability to recall names and faces after 47 years?

  We cannot generalize the results to other populations
• What were the accuracy rates of long-term memory found by Bahrick after 14 and 47 years?

  90% after 14 years and 60% after 47 years
• What does Bahrick's research fail to explain regarding long-term memory accuracy over time?

  Whether LTM accuracy decreases due to limited duration or aging
• What aspect of Bahrick's study contributes to its ecological validity?

  It used real-life memories
• What type of information did participants recall in Bahrick's study?

  Pictures of classmates matched with their names
• How does Clive Wearing's case support the multi-store model (MSM)?

  It shows that memories are formed by passing information through stores
• What was Clive Wearing's memory span after contracting a virus?

  20-30 seconds
• What type of information could Clive Wearing still recall after his memory loss?

  Information from his past, such as his wife's name
• What do Miller's findings support regarding short-term memory (STM)?

  The idea of a limited capacity of 7±2 chunks of information
• What does Peterson & Peterson's research support about STM duration?

  It has a limited duration of approximately 20 seconds
• What does Bahrick's research support regarding LTM duration?

  It supports the idea of a lifetime duration in LTM
• What did Baddeley and Hitch develop to explain the complexity of STM?

  The working memory model (WMM)

  
• What does the WMM account for that the MSM does not?

  Parallel processing (multi-tasking)
• What have brain scans revealed about STM and LTM tasks?

  Different areas of the brain are active for STM and LTM tasks
• Which brain areas are involved in STM and LTM tasks?

  The hippocampus and subiculum for STM, motor cortex for LTM
• What does the MSM's nomothetic approach aim to achieve?

  To create a universal model of human memory