Cell structure and transport

• What is the basic unit of life?

  Cell
• What can we see with a normal light microscope?

  Cells and possibly the nucleus
• What does an electron microscope allow us to see?

  Finer details of subcellular structures
• What is the resolving power of electron microscopes compared to light microscopes?

  Higher resolving power
• How can we calculate the actual size of a cell?

  Image size divided by magnification
• What are the two main groups of cells?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What do eukaryotic cells contain that prokaryotic cells do not?

  Nucleus
• Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

  In the nucleus
• What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

  Found in a ring called a plasmid
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Keeps everything inside the cell
• What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?

  Allows certain substances to pass through
• What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides structure?

  Cell wall made of cellulose
• What is cytoplasm?

  The liquid where chemical reactions occur
• Where does respiration take place in a cell?

  Mitochondria
• What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

  Assemble or synthesize proteins
• What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?

  Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  Sap
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By binary fission
• If we start with one bacterium, how many would we have after one hour?

  64 bacteria
• What is the theoretical number of bacteria after 6 hours?

  $6.87 \times 10^{10}$
• What is aseptic technique in culturing bacteria?

  Preventing contamination of the culture
• How do we incubate bacterial cultures?

  At 25°C
• What is the purpose of using sterilized equipment in culturing bacteria?

  To avoid contamination
• How do we calculate the area of a circle in bacterial cultures?

  Using $\frac{\pi d^2}{4}$
• What do eukaryotic cell nuclei contain?

  DNA stored in chromosomes
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• What are gametes in terms of chromosome number?

  Haploid cells with 23 chromosomes
• What is the process of mitosis?

  Cell division producing two identical cells
• What happens to the genetic material during mitosis?

  It is duplicated before cell division
• What happens to the nucleus during mitosis?

  It breaks down and reforms
• What are stem cells?

  Cells that haven't specialized yet
• Where are stem cells found in humans?

  In bone marrow and embryos
• What can stem cells be used for?

  To combat conditions like diabetes
• What ethical considerations arise from cloning?

  Potential for dystopian scenarios
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration
• What is osmosis specifically related to?

  Diffusion of water across a membrane
• What happens when there is a higher concentration of glucose outside a cell?

  Water moves out of the cell
• What factors can increase the rate of diffusion and osmosis?

  Higher concentration difference, temperature, surface area
• How do we conduct a practical on osmosis using potatoes?

  Cut cylinders, weigh, and place in sugar solutions
• How do we calculate percentage change in mass after osmosis?

  Final mass minus initial mass divided by initial mass times 100