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What are the key similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA?
Similarities:
Both made of
DNA nucleotides
Both joined by
phosphodiester bonds
Differences:
Eukaryotic DNA is longer and linear
Prokaryotic DNA is circular
Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histones, prokaryotic DNA is not
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What is the structure of eukaryotic DNA in the nucleus?
It is tightly coiled into
chromosomes
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What is the function of the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
To
transcribe
and
translate
enzymes
needed for photosynthesis and
respiration
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What is a gene and what does it code for?
A gene is a
sequence
of
DNA
It codes for the
amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide
It also codes for functional RNA, such as
mRNA
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What is the definition of locus in genetics?
The exact position of a gene on a
chromosome
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What are the features of the genetic code?
It is a
degenerate code
It is
universal
It is
non-overlapping
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Why is the genetic code considered degenerate?
Because multiple
triplets
can code for the same
amino acid
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How many possible triplet combinations are there with three DNA bases?
64
possible combinations
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What is a codon?
A codon is three bases on
mRNA
that codes for a specific
amino acid
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What is the role of introns and exons in DNA?
Introns
do not code for
polypeptides
, while exons do
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What is a start codon?
A start codon is three bases that initiate translation
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What is a stop codon?
A stop codon is three bases that signal the end of
translation
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What is the difference between a genome and a proteome?
Genome:
Complete
set of genes in a cell
Proteome:
Full
range of proteins a cell can produce
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How does the genome differ between species?
Different species have different numbers of
DNA base pairs
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How many DNA base pairs do humans have in their genome?
Three billion
DNA base pairs
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What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
mRNA carries the
genetic code
from DNA to the
ribosome
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What is the structure of tRNA?
tRNA has a
cloverleaf
shape and an
amino acid
binding site
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What is the function of the anticodon on tRNA?
The anticodon is complementary to a codon on
mRNA
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What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?
Transcription
: DNA is copied into
mRNA
Translation
: mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain
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What happens during transcription?
A complementary mRNA copy of a gene is created in the nucleus
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What are the key steps in transcription?
DNA helix
unwinds
One strand acts as a
template
RNA nucleotides
align opposite DNA bases
RNA polymerase
joins RNA nucleotides
mRNA
is modified and leaves the nucleus
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What is splicing in eukaryotes?
Splicing is the removal of
introns
from
pre-mRNA
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What is the role of the ribosome in translation?
The ribosome holds
tRNA
molecules in place to join amino acids
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What is the significance of peptide bonds in translation?
Peptide bonds join
amino acids
together
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What are the modifications that occur to a polypeptide chain after translation?
Folding in the
Golgi body
Formation of
secondary
,
tertiary
, or
quaternary
structures
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What is a gene mutation?
A gene mutation is a change in the
base sequence
of
DNA
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When do gene mutations typically occur?
During
DNA replication
in
interphase
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What are mutagenic agents?
Agents that can increase the likelihood of
mutations
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What is non-disjunction?
Non-disjunction is the failure of
chromosomes
to separate properly during
meiosis
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What are the two forms of chromosome mutations?
Polyploidy
: Change in the whole set of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
: Change in the number of individual chromosomes
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What is polyploidy?
Polyploidy is having multiple copies of every
chromosome
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What is aneuploidy?
Aneuploidy
is having an
abnormal
number of individual
chromosomes
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What is the result of non-disjunction during meiosis?
It can lead to
gametes
with an abnormal number of
chromosomes
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How does Down syndrome occur?
Down syndrome occurs due to
non-disjunction
of
chromosome 21
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What is the role of histones in eukaryotic DNA organization?
Histones help to tightly coil DNA into
chromosomes
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How does transcription differ in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have introns, so
splicing
does not occur
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What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in tRNA structure?
Hydrogen bonds help maintain the
cloverleaf
shape of tRNA
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What is the role of spliceosomes in RNA processing?
Spliceosomes remove introns from pre-mRNA
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What are the differences between mRNA and tRNA?
mRNA carries the
genetic code
, while tRNA brings
amino acids
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Why is ATP important in translation?
ATP provides the energy needed to form
peptide bonds
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