History medicine 1700-1900

• What period does the tutorial cover in the history of vision?

  1700 to 1900
• What was the key point of the period from 1700 to 1900 in medicine?

  It was a period of rapid change in medicine
• What was the key change in attitudes towards government involvement in public health during the mid-19th century?

  The end of laissez-faire weakened, enhancing the role of government
• What was the focus of the 1875 Public Health Act?

  It was compulsory and focused on sanitation
• Who were some key individuals in the advancements of medicine during this period?

  Florence Nightingale, James Simpson, and Joseph Lister
• What theory dominated thinking about the cause of disease during this period?

  Miasma theory
• What was the common-sense approach to disease during the time of miasma theory?

  Poisonous air and fumes caused disease
• How did miasma theory limit public health measures?

  It led to misdirected actions and ineffective measures
• Who proved that cholera was not spread by miasma but was waterborne?

  John Snow
• What did Louis Pasteur's germ theory prove?

  Germs, not poisonous fumes, cause disease
• What is the key idea of germ theory?

  Disease is caused by microbes
• What significant contribution did Louis Pasteur make to vaccinations?

  He explained how vaccinations worked
• What was the first effective general anesthetic discovered by James Simpson?

  Chloroform
• What was the impact of chloroform on surgery?

  It allowed for more complex and slower operations
• What was the "black hole period" in surgery?

  Death rates rose after anesthetics were discovered
• What was Joseph Lister's contribution to surgery?

  He introduced antiseptics to reduce post-operative infections
• What was the impact of Lister's work on death rates in surgery?

  Death rates fell dramatically after his antiseptic methods
• What were the two key public health acts during this period?

  The 1848 voluntary Act and the 1875 compulsory Act
• What was the main reason for the slow change in attitudes before 1875?

  The laissez-faire attitude towards government intervention
• What was the focus of the 1875 Public Health Act?

  It focused on sanitation and required towns to act
• Who was Edward Jenner and what was his contribution?

  He developed the first effective vaccination for smallpox
• What was the method used by Edward Jenner for vaccination?

  He used cowpox matter instead of smallpox matter
• What was John Snow's significant contribution to understanding cholera?

  He proved cholera was a waterborne disease
• How did John Snow's actions during the cholera epidemic impact public health?

  His removal of the Broad Street pump handle led to a decrease in cholera cases
• What was the main challenge in implementing improvements to water supplies after John Snow's findings?

  It was costly and faced vested interests against improvements
• What were the key factors contributing to rapid change in medicine from 1700 to 1900?

  • End of laissez-faire and enhanced government role
  • Key individuals: Florence Nightingale, James Simpson, Joseph Lister
  • Work overseas: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
  • Technological advancements in microscopes and laboratory equipment
• What were the key public health acts and their significance?

  • 1848 Public Health Act: Voluntary, ineffective
  • 1875 Public Health Act: Compulsory, effective focus on sanitation
  • Other acts: Sale of Food and Drugs Act, Artisans Dwellings Act, River Pollution Act
• What were the impacts of germ theory on public health measures?

  • Shifted focus from miasma to germs as disease causes
  • Led to effective public health measures and sanitation improvements
  • Enabled understanding of vaccinations and disease prevention
• What were the challenges faced by key individuals in advancing medical practices?

  • Opposition from traditionalists and the church
  • Slow acceptance of new ideas due to entrenched beliefs
  • Need for significant funding and resources for improvements
• What time period does the tutorial focus on regarding approaches to prevention and treatment of illness?

  1700 to 1900
• Which key individuals are highlighted in the tutorial?

  Simpson, Nightingale, and Lister
• What are the two key pieces of government legislation discussed?

  The 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts
• What are the tips for using the presentation effectively?

  • Get paper or flashcards for notes
  • Summarize bullet points in 2-3 words
  • Review and memorize flashcards
  • Watch the video again for reinforcement
• What is the significance of Pasteur's germ theory in the timeline?

  • Key moment in 1861
  • Influenced approaches to sanitation and surgery
  • Led to improved understanding of disease prevention
• What was the impact of Simpson's work on anesthetics?

  It allowed for effective pain relief in surgery
• What was the 'black hole period' of surgery?

  A time when death rates rose due to complex operations
• What was a limitation of chloroform in its early use?

  There were overdoses and opposition from some surgeons
• What was the main issue with the 1848 Public Health Act?

  It encouraged change but did not enforce it
• What disease was a key epidemic in Britain before the 1848 Act?

  Cholera
• How did Nightingale influence nursing in Britain?

  She improved hospital conditions and training for nurses