History medicine 1900-present

• What time periods does the GCSE history revision tutorial cover regarding medicine?

  1700 to 1900 and 1900 to present
• What is the main focus of the tutorial?

  The prevention and cure of disease
• Who discovered the true causes of disease?

  Louis Pasteur
• What did Robert Koch develop in relation to Pasteur's work?

  He developed Pasteur's discoveries into practical applications
• What is the BDI analysis structure mentioned in the tutorial?

  • Before
  • Development
  • Impact
• What should students do at the end of each slide?

  Pause the presentation and summarize each bullet point
• What significant year is highlighted for the discovery of true causes of disease?

  1861
• What was the state of disease prevention before 1861?

  Only partially effective prevention was possible
• What was the method used to inoculate against smallpox before Jenner's work?

  Inoculation with live smallpox matter from scabs
• Who was the first to develop vaccinations against smallpox?

  Edward Jenner
• What did Jenner discover about milkmaids and smallpox?

  Milkmaids did not tend to get smallpox due to cowpox infection
• Why was Jenner's method of inoculation considered unsafe?

  Due to variability in the strength of scab tissue
• How did Jenner prove that cowpox provided immunity from smallpox?

  By injecting cowpox tissue into a local boy
• What theory did John Snow undermine with his cholera research?

  Miasma theory
• What did John Snow discover about cholera in 1854?

  Cholera was a waterborne disease spread by contaminated water
• How did John Snow demonstrate the link between cholera and the Broad Street water pump?

  By logging deaths and noticing patterns around the pump
• What year did Louis Pasteur publish germ theory?

  1861
• What was the impact of Jenner's discovery on smallpox?

  It made smallpox preventable and led to its eventual eradication
• What was the outcome of Snow's intervention with the Broad Street pump?

  Cholera cases quickly vanished in the local area
• What did Pasteur's germ theory prove about disease?

  Germs are important in spreading disease
• What did Pasteur disprove with his work?

  Spontaneous generation and miasma theory
• What was Robert Koch's significant discovery in 1882?

  The tuberculosis bacteria
• How did Koch's work differ from Pasteur's?

  Koch identified specific germs that caused human diseases
• What was the impact of Koch's research on future discoveries?

  It made possible the development of vaccinations and treatments
• What were "magic bullets" in the context of Koch's work?

  Specific chemicals targeting particular germs
• What was Alexander Fleming's significant discovery in 1928?

  Penicillin
• How did Fleming discover penicillin?

  By noticing its effect on bacteria in a petri dish
• What challenge did Fleming face in using penicillin as a medicine?

  He needed large quantities to counter serious infections
• Who developed penicillin into an effective drug after Fleming?

  Howard Florey and Ernst Hine
• What was the significance of Florey and Hine's work on penicillin?

  They turned it into a widely available and effective treatment
• How did the American government contribute to the development of penicillin during WWII?

  By providing large-scale investment and industrial resources
• What are the three key points summarizing the tutorial's content?

  1. Jenner and Snow's impact was limited by a lack of knowledge of germs.
  2. Koch applied Pasteur's germ theory to human diseases.
  3. Effective treatments followed prevention, highlighted by penicillin's development.
• What should students do after watching the video for revision?

  Review their revision cards after a few days
• Why was sanitation and public health reform important after John Snow's findings?

  It was necessary for preventing diseases like cholera
• How did the rivalry between Pasteur and Koch influence their discoveries?

  It spurred both to make rapid discoveries in germ theory
• What role did government funding play in the development of penicillin?

  It provided necessary resources for large-scale production
• The NHS was founded on July 5th, 1948