Gender

• Who proposed the concept of androgyny in gender research?

  Bem
• What does Bem's concept of androgyny refer to?

  A blend of masculine and feminine traits
• Which researcher studied married females in relation to gender?

  Prakash
• What was the focus of Batista Boys' research?

  Raised females who became male at puberty
• What did Silber and Wagner's study on rats demonstrate?

  Injected rats showed higher aggression levels
• Who conducted research related to Kohlberg's cognitive stage theory?

  Slaby and Frey
• What method did Slaby and Frey use in their research?

  Asked children questions about gender
• Which theory did Martin and Halverson contribute to?

  Gender Schema theory
• What did Martin and Halverson use in their study?

  Pictures of men performing tasks
• Who is associated with the psychodynamic explanation of gender?

  Freud
• What case study is Freud known for in gender research?

  Little Hans
• What does SLT stand for in gender research?

  Social Learning Theory
• What did Smith and Lloyd's study involve?

  Adults playing with babies in opposite clothes
• What did Williams' research focus on regarding media influence?

  Impact of television on gender roles
• What was the main finding of Williams' study?

  No television led to different gender roles
• Who studied the biological explanation of gender dysphoria?

  Hare
• What genetic factor did Hare investigate in transgender individuals?

  Androgen receptor gene
• Who provided a social explanation for gender dysphoria?

  Rekers
• What did Rekers find common among boys with gender dysphoria?

  Lack of male role models
• what did Bem generate?

  SRI- sex role inventory

  7-point scale where particpants can rate themselves on how well traits related to them
• who did research into role of hormones ?

  Silber and Wagner- rats testosterone
• what ages were kolhberg's theory of gd?

  identity- 2-3

  stability- 4-5

  constancy- 6 and above
• how does the psychodynamic approach relate to gender

  phallic stage - oedipus/ electra complex

  once dealt with- identification with father then internalise behaviours
• what is the research support for media influences for gender?

  Gunter- children categorised as heavy tv viewers held stronger sterotypical views on gender than lighter views
• what is research support for culture influence on gender?

  William and Best- observed different cultures in 2800 university students - high universal agreement across cultures

  men- dominant

  women- caring
• what does the biological explanation to atypical gender suggest?

  genetic- androgen receptor genes

  neural- abnormal hormone levels when brain is developed in the womb (testosterone - causing females to develop a male brain)
• what is a weakness of the gender schema theory?

  predictive validity
• what is a weakness of psychodynamic approach to gender?

  too much focus on family

  Does not explain single parent families
• what is a weakness of atypical biological to gender?

  cause and effect
• what is Congential adrenal Hyperplasa ? Biological -atypical

  high levels of androgens

  females develop a small penis- leading to gender dysforia
• why do psychologists study syndromes with atypical chromosomal patterns?

  if they act in a way that is untypical- highlights the importance of chromosomes
• what increases likelihood of children remembering something in relation to schemas?

  if it is ingroup behaviour- fits in with their schema

  outgroup behaviour- doesnt
• contradictory evidence for biological explanation to gender dsyphoria

  Dessens

  women with CAH- 95% satisfied with their female identity
• what is an example of sex role sterotypes?

  men - dominance, aggressive and breadwinner

  women- caregiver of children/ stay at home, cooking and cleaning
• what research is linked to sex role sterotype theory?

  social learning theory- slaby and fray
• example of traits asked in BEM's SRI?

  masculinity- aggression and analytical

  femininity- moody and happy
• example of gender dysphoria?

  biological male identifying as female
• why does hare's research support the biological explanation of atypical gender development?

  because lower testosterone in men causes lower identification with men causing gender dyphoria
• why does gunter's research support the role of media?

  it shows that gender roles is influenced by TV
• what did Slaby and Fray find in their research?

  children aged 2 could answer questions about gender identity

  4 could answer questions about gender stability

  6 could answer questions about gender constancy