Cells

• What are cells considered in biological terms?


  Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
• What are cells?


  Cells are the basic building blocks of life that can replicate independently.
• What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?


  Unicellular organisms like bacteria are single-celled, while multicellular organisms like animals and plants contain many cells.
• What are the main subcellular structures found in both animal and plant cells?


  Both animal and plant cells contain a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  The cell membrane controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.
• What is the function of the nucleus?


  The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the activities of the cell.
• What is the function of the cytoplasm?


  The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and is the site of chemical reactions.
• What is the function of mitochondria?


  Mitochondria are the organelles that provide the cell with energy through the process of aerobic respiration.
• What is the function of ribosomes?


  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
• What are the additional structures found in plant cells compared to animal cells?

  Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells.
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  The cell wall provides structural support and prevents the plant cell from bursting due to excessive water uptake.
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salts, and water that the plant cell can use.
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, using chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic bacterial cells and eukaryotic animal/plant cells?

  Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and lack membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while eukaryotic animal and plant cells contain these membrane-bound organelles.
• Where is the genetic material located in bacterial cells?


  In bacterial cells, the genetic material is a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm, rather than being contained in a membrane-bound nucleus.
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?


  Plasmids are small, additional rings of DNA that some bacteria contain, which carry extra genes like those for antibiotic resistance.
• What are flagella in bacterial cells?


  Flagella are thread-like structures that protrude from some bacterial cells and can rotate to propel the bacteria along.
• What are the key similarities and differences between animal and plant cells?


  Similarities:

  • Both are eukaryotic cells
  • Both have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes

  
  

  Differences:

  • Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts, which animal cells lack
  • Plant cells use chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells do not
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic bacterial cells and eukaryotic animal/plant cells?


  • Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, while animal and plant cells are eukaryotic
  • Bacterial cells lack membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
  • Bacterial cells have a single circular strand of DNA floating in the cytoplasm, rather than a membrane-bound nucleus
  • Some bacteria have additional small rings of DNA called plasmids
  • Some bacteria have flagella to propel themselves