DNA

• What is the main focus?

  The structure of DNA, nucleotides, and complementary base pairing
• What shape does DNA form?

  A double helix
• How many different types of bases are there in DNA?

  Four
• What is a nucleotide made up of?

  A phosphate, a sugar, and a base
• What do the letters A, T, C, and G stand for in DNA?

  Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
• What forms the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA?

  The phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide
• What is complementary base pairing?

  Only specific bases can pair with each other: A with T and C with G
• What is the role of the sugar phosphate backbone in DNA?

  It forms a protective outer casing around the bases
• If a DNA strand reads A G T G C T T A C, what is the complementary strand?

  T C A C G A A T G
• What does the term genetic code refer to?

  The sequence of bases in DNA
• What is a gene?

  A particular sequence of bases that codes for a protein
• What is a triplet in the context of DNA?

  A group of three bases
• What is the first step in forming a protein from DNA?

  The cells read the DNA sequence as a series of triplet codes
• How does a triplet relate to amino acids?

  Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
• What happens after the cells read the DNA sequence?

  They combine the amino acids that each triplet codes for in order
• What occurs after the amino acids are combined?

  The long chain of amino acids folds up to form a protein
• Why do proteins have unique shapes?

  Each type is made from a different sequence of amino acids
• What are the main uses of proteins in the body?

  • Enzymes: act as biological catalysts to speed up reactions
  • Hormones: carry messages around the body
  • Structural proteins: add strength to cells and tissues
• What is the conclusion of the video?

  It summarizes the structure of DNA and its role in coding for proteins
• What is the focus of today's video?

  Today's video is a continuation of the last video on DNA.
• What is an allele?

  An allele is a different version of the same gene.
• What are the differences between dominant and recessive alleles?

  Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles.
• What does homozygous mean?

  Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene.
• What does heterozygous mean?

  Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a gene.
• What is the relationship between genes and traits?

  Genes determine the characteristics or traits we develop.
• How are traits determined by genes?

  Some traits are determined by a single gene, while others are determined by multiple genes.
• What is an example of a trait determined by a single gene?

  Fur color in mice is an example of a trait determined by a single gene.
• Why do we have two alleles for each gene?

  We inherit one allele from each parent.
• What happens if both alleles for a gene are the same?

  We say the organism is homozygous for that allele.
• What happens if the alleles for a gene are different?

  We say the organism is heterozygous for that gene.
• If a mouse is heterozygous for fur color with one allele coding for purple fur and the other for green fur, what color will it be if purple is dominant?

  The mouse will be purple.
• What is the definition of a dominant allele?

  A dominant allele is expressed when present, regardless of the other allele.
• What is the definition of a recessive allele?

  A recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive.
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is the collection of alleles, while phenotype is the observable characteristics.
• If a heterozygous mouse and a homozygous dominant mouse are both purple, what can we say about their phenotypes?

  They have the same phenotype.
• What is the phenotype of a homozygous recessive mouse if it is green?

  The phenotype is green.
• What are the key terms related to genetics discussed in the video?

  • Allele
  • Dominant
  • Recessive
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
• What is the role of genes in determining traits?

  • Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
  • They determine the characteristics we develop.
  • Traits can be influenced by single or multiple genes.
• How do dominant and recessive alleles interact in determining an organism's phenotype?

  • Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles.
  • A heterozygous organism will express the dominant trait.
  • A recessive trait is only expressed in a homozygous recessive organism.