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• What is the definition of diploid?

  Diploid refers to having 2 sets of chromosomes.
• What is the definition of haploid?

  Haploid refers to having 1 set of chromosomes.
• How many pairs of autosomes are there?

  There are 22 pairs of autosomes.
• What is the total number of chromosomes in autosomes?

  There are 44 chromosomes in autosomes.
• What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes known as?

  The 23rd pair of chromosomes is known as sex chromosomes.
• What are the sex chromosomes for females?

  The sex chromosomes for females are XX.
• What are the sex chromosomes for males?

  The sex chromosomes for males are XY.
• What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

  Crossing over increases genetic variation by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes.
• What is the site of crossing over called?

  The site of crossing over is called Chiasma.
• What happens during Metaphase I of meiosis?

  Homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.
• What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?

  Homologous chromosomes separate and the cell elongates.
• What happens during Telophase I and Cytokinesis I of meiosis?

  The nucleus reappears
• What is independent assortment in meiosis?

  Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous pairs on the metaphase plate.
• What is the result of meiosis?

  The result of meiosis is four genetically different haploid cells.
• What is nondisjunction and its consequences?

  Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly, leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
• What is Down syndrome caused by?

  Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
• What is Turner syndrome?

  Turner syndrome is a condition caused by the absence of one X chromosome (45,X).
• What can happen during Anaphase I that leads to nondisjunction?

  Homologous chromosomes may fail to separate during Anaphase I.
• What is Klinefelter syndrome?

  Klinefelter syndrome is a condition caused by an extra X chromosome in males (47,XXY).
• What can happen during Anaphase II that leads to nondisjunction?

  Sister chromatids may fail to separate during Anaphase II.
• What is the notation for a missing chromosome?

  The notation for a missing chromosome is 2n-1.
• What is the notation for an extra chromosome?

  The notation for an extra chromosome is 2n+1.
• What is the notation for a diploid organism?

  The notation for a diploid organism is 2n.
• What is the notation for a haploid organism?

  The notation for a haploid organism is n.
• What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle regulation?

  Cyclins activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
• How do cyclins and CDKs interact in cell cycle regulation?

  Cyclins bind to CDKs to activate them for cell cycle progression
• What happens to cyclins after they activate CDKs?

  Cyclins are eventually broken down
• What does CDK stand for?

  Cyclin-dependent kinase
• What is the function of CDKs in the cell cycle?

  CDKs phosphorylate target proteins to regulate the cell cycle
• What does the term "kinase" refer to in the context of CDKs?

  Kinase refers to an enzyme that phosphorylates proteins
• What is meant by "internal regulation" in the cell cycle?

  Internal regulation involves protein regulators like cyclins and CDKs
• What is "anchorage dependence" in cell division?

  Cells must be attached to a surface to divide
• How does contact inhibition affect cell division?

  Contact inhibition inhibits cell division when cells are in contact with each other
• What is an example of a mutation that affects cell cycle regulation?

  A mutation in p53 can affect cell cycle regulation
• What are some functions of the p53 protein in cell cycle regulation?

  p53 is involved in apoptosis, DNA repair, and regulating the cell cycle
• How does p53 contribute to DNA repair and cell cycle regulation?

  p53 helps repair DNA and removes proteins that regulate the cell cycle
• What happens to cells when they experience contact inhibition?

  Cell division is inhibited when cells are in contact with each other