Histopath

• What is the study of abnormal tissues called?

  Histopathology
• What does the term "pathos" mean in pathology?

  Suffering
• Who correlated pathological findings with clinical conditions?

  Giovanni Bathista Morgagni
• What did George Papaniculao develop?

  The Pap's smear for Exfoliative Cytology
• Who was the first to discover and establish blood groups?

  Karl Lansteiner
• What did Robert Virchow establish?

  Cellular Pathology
• What is inflammation?

  • Sequence of physiological behaviors in response to nonspecific agents
  • Changes in living tissue due to injuries
• What are the four main actions of inflammation?

  Neutralizes agents, restricts damage, alerts body, prepares for healing
• Who described the cardinal signs of inflammation?

  Cornelius Celsius
• What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Dolor (pain)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Tumor (swelling)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
• What is acute inflammation characterized by?

  Short term response with hemodynamic changes and exudate formation
• What type of leukocytes are present in acute inflammation?

  Granular leukocytes
• What is chronic inflammation characterized by?

  Persistent response with nongranular leukocytes
• What are the types of inflammation according to characteristics?

  • Serous inflammation
  • Fibrinous inflammation
  • Catarrhal inflammation
  • Hemorrhagic inflammation
  • Suppurative or purulent inflammation
• What is serous inflammation?

  Extensive outpouring of watery, low-protein fluid
• What is fibrinous inflammation characterized by?

  Exudation of large amounts of fibrinogen
• What is catarrhal inflammation?

  Hypersecretion of the mucosa with degenerative changes
• What is hemorrhagic inflammation?

  Admixture of blood and other exudative elements
• What is suppurative or purulent inflammation?

  Production of large amounts of pus
• What are the types of cellular adaptations to stress?

  • Retrogressive changes
  • Progressive changes
  • Degenerative changes
• What is atrophy?

  Reduction in size of cells, tissue, or organs
• What is hypertrophy?

  Increased organ size from larger constituent cells
• What is hyperplasia?

  Increase in number of cells due to growth of new cells
• What are the types of degenerative changes?

  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Anaplasia
  • Neoplasia
• What is neoplasia?

  Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells
• What are the characteristics of benign tumors?

  • Do not usually produce death
  • Younger group
  • Encapsulated and movable
  • Metastasis is rare
• What are the parts of a tumor?

  • Parenchyma
  • Stroma
• What are the characteristics of malignant tumors?

  • Found among older ages
  • Growing rapidly by infiltration or expansion
  • Non-encapsulated and immovable
  • Metastasis is common
• What is the difference between medullary and scirrhous tumors?

  • Medullary: more cells than connective tissue
  • Scirrhous: more connective tissue than cells
• What is the classification of malignant tumors based on?

  • Capacity to produce death
  • Origin of tissue (epithelial or connective)
• What are the types of malignant tumors of epithelial tissue origin?

  • Carcinoma
  • Examples: Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma
• What are the types of malignant tumors of connective tissue origin?

  • Sarcoma
  • Examples: Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma
• What is the difference between grading and staging of tumors?

  • Grading: based on the size of the primary lesion
  • Staging: extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
• What is the definition of parenchyma?

  Parenchyma refers to the functional tissue of an organ.
• How are medullary tumors characterized?

  Medullary tumors have more cells than connective tissue.
• What distinguishes scirrhous tumors?

  Scirrhous tumors have more connective tissue than cells.
• What are the histologic characteristics used for tumor classification?

  • Capacity to produce death
  • Origin of the tumor (epithelial or connective tissue)
• What is the term for malignant tumors of epithelial tissue origin?

  Carcinoma
• What are the types of benign and malignant tumors of epithelial tissue?

  Benign:

  • Sq. cell papilloma
  • Adenoma
  • Renal Tubular adenoma
  • Liver cell adenoma
  • Mole

  
  

  Malignant:

  • Sq. cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Renal cell carcinoma
  • Hepatoma
  • Melanoma
• What is the term for malignant tumors of connective tissue origin?

  Sarcoma