Cellular Respiration

• What are the reactions that extract energy from molecules like glucose called?

  Catabolic reactions
• What happens during catabolic reactions?

  They involve breaking a larger molecule into smaller pieces
• What is produced when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen?

  Six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules
• What is the chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$
• How is the overall reaction of glucose breakdown processed in a cell?

  It is broken down into many smaller steps
• What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used for in the cell?

  It powers reactions in the cell
• What happens to much of the energy from glucose during its breakdown?

  It is dissipated as heat
• What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

  It is when a phosphate group is transferred from a pathway intermediate straight to ADP
• How do many steps in cellular respiration produce ATP indirectly?

  Electrons from glucose are transferred to electron carriers
• What are the small molecules that carry electrons in cellular respiration called?

  Electron carriers
• What are the two important types of electron carriers in cellular respiration?

  NAD+ and FAD
• What are redox reactions?

  Reactions where electrons are passed from one molecule to another
• What does the mnemonic "LEO goes GER" stand for?

  Lose Electrons, Oxidized; Gain Electrons, Reduced
• How can we determine if a carbon-containing molecule has been oxidized or reduced?

  By observing the gain or loss of H and O atoms
• What happens to a carbon-containing molecule that gains H atoms?

  It is likely reduced
• What happens to a carbon-containing molecule that loses O atoms?

  It is probably reduced
• What is the end product of glycolysis?

  Two molecules of pyruvate
• What is produced during glycolysis besides pyruvate?

  ATP and NADH
• What happens to each pyruvate after glycolysis?

  It is converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix
• What is released during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is produced in the citric acid cycle?

  ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

  They deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain
• What happens at the end of the electron transport chain?

  Oxygen accepts electrons and forms water
• What is the purpose of the proton gradient formed during electron transport?

  It is used to synthesize ATP
• What is chemiosmosis?

  It is the process where energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP
• What happens to the energy stored in the proton gradient if it is not used for ATP synthesis?

  It would be released as heat
• What are brown fat cells specialized for?

  They dissipate energy as heat
• What is the estimated maximum ATP yield from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

  30-32 ATP
• What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
• What are the key steps in the electron transport chain?

  • Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2
  • Electron transfer and proton pumping
  • Splitting of oxygen to form water
  • Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
• What are the differences between fermentation and cellular respiration?

  • Fermentation only involves glycolysis
  • Cellular respiration includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
  • Fermentation does not require oxygen, while cellular respiration does (except for glycolysis)
• What are the differences between facultative and obligate anaerobes?

  • Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic pathways
  • Obligate anaerobes can only live in the absence of oxygen
• What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

  • It synthesizes ATP as protons flow down their gradient
  • It captures energy from the proton gradient
• What is the significance of the proton-motive force?

  • It represents a stored form of energy
  • It drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis
• What topics does the video cover related to cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, the link reaction, and the Krebs cycle
• What is the significance of the phases, inputs, and outputs in glycolysis?

  They describe the process and results of glycolysis
• What is the location of glycolysis in the cell?

  It occurs in the cytoplasm
• Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?


  It is anaerobic
• What are the three parts of glycolysis?

  • Investment phase
  • Cleavage phase
  • Energy harvest phase
• What happens during the investment phase of glycolysis?

  Enzymes phosphorylate glucose using ATP