Rrr

• What is a genome?

  All the genes produced from a cell
• How can determining the genome of a virus help in vaccine development?

  It allows scientists to identify viral components for vaccine creation
• What is another use of genome sequencing?

  Identifying genetic disorders
• What is one role of restriction enzymes?

  To cut DNA at specific sequences
• What is the role of DNA ligase?

  To join DNA fragments together
• How can gene disruptions trigger fragments of DNA?

  They can cause breaks in the DNA sequence, leading to fragment formation
• What are cDNA libraries used for?

  To study gene expression
• What is the main purpose of PCR?

  To amplify DNA
• What is a primer in the context of PCR?

  A short strand of DNA that initiates DNA synthesis
• Why is a temperature of 95 degrees used in PCR?

  To denature the DNA strands
• Why is a temperature of 72 degrees used in PCR?

  To allow DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands
• What is the role of a vector in genetic engineering?

  To transfer genetic material into a host cell
• Name three possible vectors used in genetic engineering.

  Plasmids, viruses, and artificial chromosomes
• What is a marker gene?

  A gene used to identify cells that have taken up a vector
• What type of molecules are referred to as P and Q in the context of DNA?

  Short lengths of single-stranded DNA
• How many copies of DNA would be present after 5 cycles of PCR?

  32 copies
• How many base pairs are there in fragment P?

  287 base pairs
• How many times did the base sequence AAGCTT occur in the DNA?

  Once
• What effect would a change in the AAGCTT sequence have on the appearance of the gel in Track 1?

  It would show different fragment sizes compared to untreated DNA
• How can a DNA probe and gel electrophoresis be used to test for genetic diseases?

  DNA probes bind to specific sequences, and gel electrophoresis separates them for analysis
• How is genetic fingerprinting carried out to identify a person?

  By analyzing specific DNA markers and comparing them among individuals