Contemporary Urban Environments

• What are some factors contributing to urbanization?

  Rural to urban migration, increased life expectancy, and natural population increase
• What does the term 'urbanization' refer to?

  The increase in the number of people living in towns and cities
• How does urbanization affect the developing world?

  It leads to issues with healthcare, education, power supplies, transport, and waste management
• What was the proportion of the global population living in urban areas in 1945?

  One third
• What is the expected proportion of the global population living in urban areas by 2050?

  Two thirds
• How many people lived in urban areas from 1945 to 2015?

  Increased from about 0.7 billion to 4 billion
• Which regions are the most urbanized according to the study material?

  North America and Latin America
• What is expected for Europe by 2050 regarding urbanization?

  It is expected to be more than 80% urban
• What are the three key urban processes mentioned in the study material?

  De-industrialization, decentralization, and the service economy
• What does de-industrialization refer to?

  A decline in the importance of manufacturing in the economy
• What can lead to de-industrialization?

  Over-reliance on traditional heavy industries and strong overseas competition
• What is decentralization in urban processes?

  An outward movement of population and industry from central urban areas
• What does the service economy refer to?

  An increase in employment in sectors like education, healthcare, and retailing
• What are the characteristics of suburbanization?

  Extensive housing areas on the edge of major cities and development of brownfield sites
• What causes suburbanization?

  Increased car ownership, public transport access, and rising wealth
• What are some effects of suburbanization?

  Development of green belt land and urban sprawl
• What is counter-urbanization?

  The movement of people from larger urban areas to smaller urban or rural areas
• What causes counter-urbanization?

  Rising demand for second homes and the ability to work from home
• What are some effects of counter-urbanization?

  Rising house prices and the growth of housing estates
• What is urban resurgence?

  The movement of people back into urban areas, particularly in the inner city
• What are the three main causes of urban resurgence?

  Regeneration, rebranding, and gentrification
• What is the multiplier effect in urban resurgence?

  The idea that one positive change leads to further positive developments
• What is urban policy?

  Strategies and plans to improve urban areas
• What are UDCs and when were they established?

  Urban Development Corporations established in the UK between 1979 and 1990
• What was the purpose of UDCs?

  To restore derelict areas using private sector funding
• What is an example of a UDC?

  London Docklands
• What are enterprise zones and when were they established?

  Areas established in 1981 to attract companies and create jobs
• What was the aim of city challenge partnerships?

  To regenerate deprived areas through local authority competition
• What is urban form?

  The arrangement of land use within an urban area
• How does urban form differ between the developed and developing world?

  Developed world has planned developments, while developing world often lacks planning
• What is the significance of the peak land value intersection (PLVI)?

  It indicates the economic core of the urban area
• What does bid rent theory explain?

  The relationship between distance from the CBD and land value
• What are some recent trends in urban form in developed countries?

  Growth of suburban office and shopping areas
• What was the layout of towns in historical times?

  Towns were built alongside rivers with a well-thought-out layout.
• What does the term "planned developments" refer to in urban planning?

  It refers to urban areas that are intentionally designed and organized.
• How have economic factors influenced urban development over time?

  Economic factors, particularly land values, have become increasingly important.
• What does PLVI stand for in urban economics?

  Peak Land Value Intersection.
• How does the price of land change as one moves away from the CBD?

  The price of land decreases as one moves away from the CBD.
• What theory explains the decrease in land prices away from the CBD?

  Bid Rent Theory.
• What has led to the emergence of secondary land value peaks in suburban areas?

  Suburban office and shopping areas have resulted in these secondary land value peaks.