mental health

• What are perinatal mental health disorders associated with?

  Considerable maternal and infant mortality
• What are some examples of perinatal mental health disorders?

  Depression, anxiety, phobias, eating disorders, bipolar disorders, psychosis
• Why is perinatal mental illness considered a major public health issue?

  It leads to avoidable suffering, damage to families, impact on children, and can be life-threatening
• What are the consequences of untreated perinatal mental health problems?

  Intense suffering, long-term impact on self-esteem and relationships, adverse impact on child development, and potential for death
• What percentage of deaths occurring between six weeks and a year after pregnancy are due to mental health-related causes?

  34%
• What do Howard and Khalifeh (2020) argue regarding perinatal mental health literature?

  It focuses too much on the individual woman as the main agent for change
• What are some examples of public health interventions for perinatal mental health?

  • Writing letters of support for better housing
  • Referring to local community groups
  • Screening for gender-based violence
• What does NICE CG 110 apply to?

  All pregnant women with complex social factors
• Which groups of women are identified as exemplars in NICE CG 110?

  • Women who misuse substances
  • Recent migrants, asylum seekers, or refugees
  • Young women aged under 20
  • Women who experience domestic abuse
• What is the role of midwives in perinatal mental health?

  Screening for mental illness, making appropriate referrals, and ongoing learning
• How do public health interventions aim to enhance well-being?

  By reducing stress and vulnerability
• What does the stress and vulnerability model explain?

  The relationship between nature and nurture in the development of psychiatric disorders
• What is the transactional model of stress and emotion based on?

  Individual reactions to stressful events
• What factors mediate individual reactions to stressful events?

  Appraisal, social support, and coping behavior
• What is the purpose of appraisal in the stress response?

  To determine if an event is relevant to well-being and assess potential harm or benefit
• How can coping strategies be categorized?

  As positive (healthy) or negative (harmful)
• What is the effect of positive coping strategies?

  They ameliorate strain and reduce stressors
• What can challenging events be considered in the context of stress?

  Potential stressors
• What types of vulnerability can affect an individual's response to stress?

  Inborn vulnerability and acquired vulnerability
• What are some examples of acquired vulnerability?

  Attachment disorder, childhood trauma, gender-based violence, homelessness
• What does the Stress and Vulnerability Model illustrate?

  • Stress from life events
  • Appraisal and coping efforts
  • Genetic and psychosocial vulnerability
  • Outcomes: Well or Unwell
• What is the Stepped Care Model (NICE CG 192) focused on?

  Antenatal and postnatal mental health clinical management
• What do Howard and Khalifeh (2020) argue about current prevention programs for perinatal mental disorders?

  They do not target the strongest determinants of risk
• What are some peer support services for perinatal mental health?

  • Mindful Mums
  • Cocoon Family Support
  • Family Action Perinatal Support
• What should social policy include to support low-income young families?

  Provisions of targeted support, including free childcare
• What is a risk of focusing solely on mothers in perinatal mental health?

  It overlooks the role of fathers and family violence
• What is a common reaction when someone announces they are going to have a baby?

  Usually positive.
• What are some common topics discussed when a baby is expected?

  Due date, sex of the baby, and names.
• What are the two levels at which pregnancy and childbirth can be viewed?

  • Micro level
  • Macro level
• How is mental health defined according to WHO 2014?

  Mental health is a state of well-being where individuals realize their potential and cope with normal stresses.
• Why is the definition of mental health considered positive and inclusive?

  It is meant to be applicable globally.
• How does mental health differ across the lifespan?

  Mental health differs through the life span and across cultures and societies.
• What does it mean that mental health is dynamic and responsive?

  It means mental health changes based on how we cope with stress and manage our identity.
• What is the significance of the MBRRACE report in the UK?

  It identifies all maternal deaths in the UK every three years.
• What was the maternal death rate reported by MBRRACE in the UK?

  1. 8 per 100,000 maternities.
• How many women died by suicide according to the MBRRACE report?

  62 women died by suicide.
• What percentage of maternal deaths were due to substance misuse?

  58 women died from substance misuse.
• What was the median age of women who died by suicide?

  31.5 years.
• What percentage of women who died by suicide were from white ethnic groups?

  92% were from white ethnic groups.
• What is the relationship between domestic abuse and maternal deaths?

  18% of the women who died were known to be subjected to domestic abuse.