Autonomic nervous system

• What is noted as the most complex device in the world?

  The human brain
• How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?

  86 billion
• How many nerve impulses does the human brain generate per second?

  38 million billion
• What percentage of body weight does the brain represent?

  2%
• What percentage of oxygen delivery and consumption does the brain utilize?

  15% oxygen delivery and 25% oxygen consumption
• What are the two main aims of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Regulate involuntary bodily functions
• What does the term "automatic" nervous system refer to?

  It refers to the autonomic nervous system.
• What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Stress response
  • Digestion
  • Cardiovascular control
  • Micturition
  • Sex and reproduction
• What are the two divisions of the human nervous system mentioned?

  Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
• What is the enteric nervous system's contribution to the body?

  It comprises 40% of the nerves in the body.
• What is a ganglion?

  A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the autonomic nervous system.
• What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

  Sympathetic is associated with stress responses, while parasympathetic is associated with rest and digest functions.
• What are the characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Originates from thoracolumbar regions
  • Involves fight or flight responses
  • Uses acetylcholine and noradrenaline as neurotransmitters
• What neurotransmitter is released at the pre-ganglionic synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

  Acetylcholine
• What are the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation?

  • Dry mouth and nose
  • Adrenaline release
  • Increased heart rate
  • Vasodilation
  • Urinary retention
• What neurotransmitter is released at the post-ganglionic synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

  Noradrenaline
• What is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

  Thoracolumbar origins
• What are the two types of receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

  Alpha and beta receptors
• What is the function of alpha 2 agonists like Yohimbine?

  Reversal of sedation in veterinary practice
• What is the role of B1 receptor antagonists?

  Lower blood pressure and prevent tachyarrhythmia
• What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Pupillary constriction
  • Increased salivation
  • Enhanced gastric secretions
  • Slowed heart rate
  • Bronchoconstriction
• What is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor)
• What are muscarinic receptors associated with in the parasympathetic nervous system?

  They mediate the effects of acetylcholine.
• What are the features of autonomic dysfunction?

  • Excessive fatigue
  • Lightheadedness or dizziness
  • Rapid or slow heart rate
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Gastroparesis
• What does the acronym SSLUDD stand for in relation to the parasympathetic nervous system?

  Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
• What is the significance of the brain stem in the autonomic nervous system?

  • Central control of autonomic functions
  • Involvement in vital functions like heart rate and respiration
• What is brain optimization in the context of the study material?

  Improving brain function and efficiency.
• What study skills are mentioned for successful student life?

  • Creativity
  • Exercise
• What does "coning" refer to in the context of brain stem death?

  A condition where brain tissue is displaced due to increased intracranial pressure.
• What is meant by "ischemia of brainstem"?

  A reduction in blood flow to the brainstem.
• What does "single vessel supply" refer to?

  A condition where a single blood vessel supplies a region of the brain.
• What is the significance of "Testing BSD" in the context of brain function?

  It refers to assessing brain stem death.
• What does "manipulation of ANS" imply?

  It refers to altering the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
• What does "BOOSTING" refer to in the context of the autonomic nervous system?

  Enhancing the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
• What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?

  Involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion
• What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
• What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

  To prepare the body for stress or emergency situations
• What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

  To maintain normal bodily functions during calm and restful states
• From which spinal cord levels does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

  T1 to L2 spinal cord levels
• What is one key action of the sympathetic nervous system?

  Increased heart rate and force of contraction